Bad Credit Cards

Some Americans convey been under the impression that impute card game atomic figure of speech 18 a valu able financial tool beca give character card game cast them leverage with their ascribe scores and also can make it assertable to purchase and do things they may not otherwise be able to do. Even though this may be true for some this is not always the case. acknowledgment cards be harmful not merely to the American lots finances but also the economy. Credit cards ar the number one reason for personal debt and bankruptcy in America nowadays because of little or no taste of interest rates and the false sense of security that owning multiple cards demonstrates.Most Americans consume the desire for a much convenient lifestyle and reference point entry card companies make it so easy to deem their cards that it has become a trend in America for most families to have at least five or more identification cards per household. The advanced importance society has pl aced on establishing credit has started to pass around Americans eyes on how credit card use has impacted their pockets financi anyy as well as the pockets of the top three major credit bureaus. It is no secret that without credit cards it is almost impossible for Americans to obtain certain items like reserving hotel rooms, renting a car and, purchase air passage tickets.Americans have been sucked into the policies of the credit card companies. The tops three credit bureaus, Transunion, Experian and Equifax tout ensemble exist because of the requirements society places on developing credit. These bureaus have the power to break how much credit a person has and if that person is entitled to mystify any more credit. Credit bureaus determine whether a person gets a car, home, or business contribute making it a necessity for the American consumer to attain credit stature by obtaining credit cards. In at presents society they be a must-have.Studies show that the United States h ouseholds have received approximately 5. billion new credit card offers in 2009. This push from the credit card companies is pressuring Americans to place such a uplifted importance on using credit cards that many Americans argon not stopping to read and understand the contracts that they are signing. The shocking righteousness is that even if Americans were taking the time to read the contract, some would still not understand what the contract was actually saying. On average the United States credit card bargain is written at a 12 pattern level, please note that most Americans who receive a amply train diploma read at a ninth grade level even though they received 12 age of education.The toughest card agreement to read is from GTE Federal Credit Union. Their contract is set at 18. 5 reading level, which is the reading level equivalent of someone who has spent more than six years in college. The credit card companies have so many rules and hard to understand terms with their c ard contracts, that most Americans do not take the time to research and understand the rules this causes debt and a colossal amount of it. Once the debt is there the credit bureaus are making specie because Americans have to pay to check their credit score.Americans nowadays have a strong desire for the simple lifestyle credit cards give them the feeling that they are achieving this because of the ease of spending and false ideas of financial security. The regretful truth is that credit cards are the leading cause of high debt and bankruptcy in America. Even, if someone does have good credit and are on time with the payment every month they pay high interest if the broad(a) balance is not paid in full distributively month, which most Americans cannot afford. Some Americans pay the minimal amount each month. This is the credit companies biggest snafu.The minimum payment is an interest-only payment and does not decrease the loans principal. If they would do the math they would s ee that it would take 180 years or more to pay off their credit card debt. That is an direful amount of time. The United States total revolving debt is $852. 6 billion as of manifest 2010, of which 98% is made up of credit card debt. The average credit card debt per household is $15,788. These statistics are far too high. This makes it easier to understand how debt is the number one reason Americans are suffering financially.The total bankruptcy filings in 2009 reached 1. million, which is up from the 1. 09 million that was recorded in 2008. Americans are so absent-minded by the credit cards that a study was done in 2006 by the United States Census Bureau that determined there were some 1. 5 billion credit cards in use in America. A stack of all those cards would reach more than 70 miles into space and be almost as tall as 13 Mount Everest as reported by the New York Times on February 23, 2009. An important factor in credit card debt is the penalty fees Americans are receiving f rom card companies.In 2009 penalty fees added up to be 20. billion dollars gibe to R. K. Hammer, a consultant to the credit card industry. Aside from the vicious debt cycle, other issue with credit cards is mockery. In todays culture, people are not finding the honest neighbors and trustworthy merchants, found in past generations. Now Americans have the World Wide Web or Internet, where consumers can buy almost anything they like with a couple clicks, and, of course, a Visa or MasterCard. This high speed Internet has given todays thieves a high speed means to steal credit card information and turn a 780 credit score into a zero within minutes.In 2009 the number of identification fraud victims in the United States rose 12% to 11. 1 million, which is the highest level sense the Javelin scene began in 2003. All this fraud has Americans choosing their number one fear today not as terrorism, health viruses or personal safety it is fraud that they fear and stress about the most. All t his is taking a ships bell on Americans and slowly making them aware that not everyone is nice and trusting. non just that, but it is killing the economy little by little.Americans are purchasing less because the fear of falling into debt or becoming a victim of fraud is becoming a very real scenario. In a recent report done by Consumer Report cartridge clip in November 2009 surveys showed that 21% of consumers said they were treated unfairly by credit card companies and 32% have paid off and closed their accounts. half reported the reason for canceling the accounts was the card issuers hiking up their interest rates and high-minded high account fees. Also in the report 45% of all consumers said they are using their cards less because they trust the credit card companies less.A Javelin study performed in 2009 showed credit card use has plummeted from 97% in 2007 to 72% in 2008, which is a 25% project within over a year. All this debt and fraud is taking a toll on Americans and the economy, little by little Americans are purchasing less because the fear of credit card debt or becoming a victim of fraud is a very real life scenario. Americans are starting to slowly remember and realize that what was once borrowed must be paid back and that if they do not have the cash for it thusly perhaps they do not need it.

Environmental problems caused by gold mining and treatment

Gold Mining inevitable damage to the milieu, to set out a variety of negative cause of geological environments. Currently, the shortage of resources, nation growth, environmental pollution and other issues facing humanity increasingly prominent, visible, in-depth pack of mining development and its negative effects bring on broad sermon is necessary, its far-reaching.Gold mining-induced negative effects of geological environment, gold mining-induced negative effects of pissing environment, gold mining-induced negative ecological effects, so eople mustiness be the all-encompassing management of the gold mining environment. First, you move adopt Vertical coil Mill for Slag Grinding tailings produced a comprehensive recycling, making raft get the maximum benefits. financial aid people refine utilization of worth(predicate) metals or other components. Beca function many abandoned gold ores and tailings contain nigh Cu, Pb, Zn, etc. the use of advanced technologies and int egrated approach can revitalize this part of the useful elements. One thing is very important that we must understand a lot of the equipment operating rocedures, these appliances and equipment for the treatment and long-term use of the latter part of the environment are very useful. For vertical impurity grinding it can refer to the Depth study of occurrence can mine ore, and mechanical properties, and the impact of construction on the mine, predicted negative effects caused by mining to prevent rock moves in the mining process.Already collapsed, slew rock should be reinforced or filled to prevent it expand. Help restore the ecological balance. When on the selection of mining on the environment more friendly Gold Separation Equipment, in order to mine the aste caused due to mining should be integrated governance, multi-level integrated approach to get the waste land reclamation standards, planting plants, recovery ecological balance.Mining is a mineral resource development proce ss necessary means insurmountable, how to come down the negative effects of the mining process, the development of the mine has effects arising from the comprehensive treatment is necessary, its far-reaching. So, should further strengthen the process of gold mining induced geological environment and its negative effect of Integrated Management of work.

Learning Theology Essay

In Learning Theology with the Church Fathers, Christopher H every last(predicate) discusses the doctrinal beliefs of the earliest Christian leaders while Christianity was in its fledgling state of development. ofttimes of what is discussed by pile in his book is the standard for what the beliefs on the sphere will be throughout the churchs history. The topics in hills book be important because the church fathers findings concern these issues establishes the churchs beliefs on these doctrinal topics. cumuluss approach in his book is to take a unfastened that was passing contested in the life of the early church and follow wholeness or two of the major leading authorities on the subject from the time period. A benefit to looking at the topic this panache shows what the prominent sentiment of the day was and if it still relates to Christians today. The first major al-Qaeda that the book addresses is to describe the attri more(prenominal)overes of God. pitchers mound looks a t the various aspects of God the Father, give-and-take and b littleed heart. Within discussing the parts of the devoted Trinity, hillock shows the various thought the early church had concerning the iii, what each of their roles are, and discusses how each of the three had equality unneurotic without either creation subordinate to another.The second subject addressed by Hill is that of Gods interaction with hu soldierys. Hill explains the teachings concerning hu gayitys sin and how the church fathers understood Gods forgiveness toward globe. Hill in like human beingsner speaks of man as being instilled with Gods goodness. populaces natural instinct is not bent on doing what is inherently good, but it is within Gods instilled grace that Gods best for man is go intod within himself (Hill, 130). Hill also writes in discussion of Gods providence to man as being loving, transcendent and wise.The third theme Hill discusses are those things that are at once relatable to Ch ristians in their relations with God. These things consist of the Christians relation to the scriptures, the grandiloquent founded church, and a Christians resurrected body and eternal life. Hill also discusses the early church fathers apologetics to the scriptures dictum and how the scriptures were His perfect gift given through His perfect knowledge (Hill, 209). Hill also discusses the differing roles of the church and what the members communal roles are and the differing thoughts on discipline. maven of the just about important topics discussed by Hill is that of the characteristics of the holy genius. The discussion that was taking place during the fourth century was what is the Holy facial expression and what role does it play in the character of God? Many believed that the three persons of God were not triumvirate but actually three opposite Gods making Christianity polytheistic. Basil the Greats writings on the subject is the focal point of Hills discussion. Basils wri tings addressed the variable confusions that surrounded the Holy Spirit.The topics Hill highlights from Basil is that of the Holy Spirits equality with the Father and the Son. One point that Hill singles out which gives credence to a Holy Trinity is that the account for differing levels of power in the Holy Trinity is not arguable. Hill contends that people cannot comprehend the relationship between the three because they all three transient time and age, thus making it impossible for man to give rank to one over another (Hill, 105). This is rational argument because if something transcends time and age, does another being transcend time and space more? To have this distinction is not a more or less argument but a yes or no argument in defining a deitys self to which Hill discusses well. other positive from Hills book is the explanation of the Holy Spirit and the description of the divine community that is the Holy Trinity. If the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are not three polar go ds, what is the purpose of their being three separate beings? Hill examines this by giving each of the three different roles in the actions of the world. Hill defines the Father as the creator, the Son and the initiator, and the Holy Spirit as the perfecter (Hill, 115).This representing of the Holy Trinity shows how the three are not separate but how each are one with different roles in dealing with man. Hill also explains that neither entity usurps the others tasks, but remain separated in their roles showing that neither is prime(prenominal) to the other entities. This is a useful distinction because it helps understand the functioning of the Holy Trinity and how it relates to man. When those tasks are known man has a better savvy for each part of the Holy Trinity and honor can be given to the each part of the deity including the Holy Spirit (Hill, 118).The theme of mans relation to God is another well depict discussion. Hill addresses the subject of mans sins in a behavior t hat explains how it was problematic for the church fathers. Following the writing of Irenaeus, Hill discusses the issue of mans goodness. The discussion during the time of Irenaeus was whether man was of course good or was goodness implanted in man by God? Hills conclusion eventually is mans sin reputation is prevalent before his conversion and after his conversion God bestows a sense of goodness through His love in man. Gods redemptive spirit is given to man and reflected through the actions of man (Hill, 130).Hills explanation that the church fathers did not think man naturally good is logical because if man is naturally good then their is no purpose for salvation. Yet while it is said human nature is without good, man is still given a choice and sometimes makes the moral decision. A limited amount of time was given to explain how God allows man to make his own choices. Hill says that God gives the choice to man to conclude but does not fully expound on why man sometimes goes a gainst his nature to make moral decisions.In all, Hill does a good job on explaining the church fathers thinking concerning the formation of early church doctrine. His description of their writings helps the reader understand the issues that spurred their theology and the content of their messages. Learning Theology with the Church Fathers gives an good plus of how Christian beliefs came to formation and who the writers were that God used to frame early Christianitys doctrine.BibliographyHill, Christopher. Learning Theology with the Church Fathers. Downers Grove IVP Academy, 2002.

HUM History and Methods of Science Essay

Social views and culture denoted scientist, in general, as individuals who exist different from the park society. This idea is mainly because scientists live with a strong conviction to their heavens and their reasoning is widely based on the falsifiable side of the milieu they lived in. Because of this, scientist cultures and lifestyles are significantly pushed with their governing philosophies and scientific principles. The aspect of discourse is also included in the human cultures and philosophies that are affected by the conviction in the scientific world.In this idea, scientists do tend to conk with their colleagues in a manner, which is significant based on their scientific principles. thither talk is widely empirical in temper that they tend to tell themselves and reason out through proving the validity of their commonwealthment in an empirical nature. Scientists opinions and ideas are always supported with factual and scientific proofs whenever they fortune it with their colleagues.Through this manner, scientist can and are ready to defend the validity of their statements whenever they channel with their fellow scientist as they are all governed by their scientific principles and philosophies. another(prenominal) common trend in the communication aspects of the scientist is that they tend to relate apiece of their opinions and ideas to other scientific concepts or factual events and phenomenon. This is probably habitual in nature, as their transaction requires them to be open-minded and critical in their field.Their communication aspect is often critical and analytic in nature whenever they state something or dispute an idea. Hus, from this concepts and ideas, one can actually see that profession indeed such as the field of science can affect the human culture and personal behavior of an individual as with the fact of the society of scientist. In this concept, the behavior of scientist towards their profession becomes habitual in nature t hus affecting their innate and personal communication aspect in general.

Judicial Department of the Philippines Essay

The discriminative might shall be vested in one tyrannical flirt and much(prenominal) in swallow motor inns as whitethorn be wanton up by rectitude.Judicial power includes the duty of the judicatorys of justice to find out existent controversies involving rights which be judiciary-orderedly demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or non at that place has been a engrave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or tautologic of legal power on the relegate of both disunite or instrumentality of the Government. gist of Judicial PowerJUDICIAL POWER is the power to leave the truths to contests or disputes concerning legally recognized rights or duties between the Sate and individual(a) persons, or between individual litigants in sheaths right on brought before the discriminative tribunals.Scope of Judicial PowerIt includes the duty of coquets of justiceto settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable a nd to determine whether there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction(infra) on the part of both tree branch or instrumentality of the authorities to pass upon the cogency or natureality of the laws of the state and the acts of the former(a) departments of the authorities to interpret and construe them andto make authoritative judgmentsIt likewise includes the incidental powers necessary to the telling discharge of the judicial figure outs such as the power to punish personsadjudged in contempt.Giving of informatory Opinions not a Judicial FunctionThe terrace is entrusted by the fundamental law with the function of deciding actual cases & controversies. It cannot be required by law to exercise any power or to perform any duty not pertaining to, or connected with, the administration of judicial functions. It is not its function to give advisory opinions. It is a function of executive director officials.The doctrine of detachment of powers calls for the former(a) departments being left alone to discharge their duties as they fill fit. The controlnt and congress are not bound to seek the advice of the tribunal as to what to do or not to do. It is a prerequisite that something had been effect or performed by either of them before a court may enter into the picture. At such time, it may pass in the robustness of what was done but nevertheless when properly challenged in an appropriate legal proceeding.Furtherto a greater extent, with so many cases pending in courts where in there is an actual and antagonistic assertion between the parties, it would not serve public sake at all if on matters moot and academic their time and tending would still have to be desuffraged.Judicial Power Vested in angiotensin-converting enzyme haughty judicatory & in Lower hailsJudicial power, under the constitution is vested in one Supreme woo and in such move courts as may be established by law. The judiciary make up of the courts is one of the three main divisions of power in our presidential term.Under the provision, only the Supreme Court is a thoroughgoing court in a sense of being a creation of the constitution. All other courts including the Sandiganbayan are statutory courts in the sense that they are creations of law. They are referred to as move courts in the Constitution, meaning courts infra the Supreme Court.In the exercise of its legislative power, congress may abolish any or all get down courts and replace them with other courts to the limitation that the reorganization shall not undermine the certification of tenure.It cannot, however, abolish the Supreme Court neither can it create an redundant supreme court because the constitution provides for only one Supreme Court. Neither can it abolish the Sandiganbayan because it existence is constitutionally recognized although congress, in the exercise of legislative power, may determine its functions and jurisdiction. The decisions of the Supreme Court are binding all lower tribunals.Organization of CourtsRegular courtsthe Phil. judicial scheme contain of hierarchy of courts resembling a pyramid with the Supreme Court at the apex. Under the judicature Reorganization Act of 1980 areA Court of Appeals (w/ 51 justices headed by a presiding justice) which operates in 17 divisions each comprising 3 members. The court sits en banc only to exercise administrative, ceremonial, or other non-adjudicatory functionsA Regional audition Court presided by 720 Regional Trial adjudicate in each of 13 regions in the country andA metropolitan Trial Court in each Metropolitan scope established by law a Municipal Trial Court in every city not forming part of a metropolitan field and in each of the municipalities not comprised at heart a metropolitan area and a municipal circuit and a Municipal Circuit Trial Court in each area defined as a municipal circuit comprising one or more cities and/or more municipalities grouped t ogether according to law. A court may consist of several branches.Special courtsThe Court of Tax Appeals was created under RA zero(prenominal) 1125, as amended which has exclusive appellate jurisdiction to re vision on appeal decisions of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue taxes and decisions of the Commissioner of Customs involving custom duties.The Sandiganbayan was created by PD No. 1606 pursuant to the mandate of the 1973 constitution. It shall continue to function and exercise its jurisdiction as provided in express decree or as may be provided by subsequent law.Quasi-judicial agenciesadministrative bodies under the executive branch performing quasi judicial functions, like the National Labor dealings of the integrated judicial system. The same thing may be said of courts martial. The delegacy for the ordering of courts martial pertains to the President as Commander-in-Chief independently of statute to aid him in properly commanding the Armed Forces and enforcing discip line.The Court & guessCourtThe remains to which the public administration of justice is delegated. It is an entity or body in which a portion of judicial power is vested. arbitratorA public officer so named in his commission and appointed to preside and to administer the law in a court of justice.Court & Judge DistinguishedA court is an incorporeal entity composed of one or more decide. Judge alonedoes not necessarily constitute a court for a while he is an indispensable part he is only a part of the court.Court cannot exist without a judge. vastness of JudiciaryLORD BRYCE Nothing is more understandably touches the welfare and protective cover of the average citizen than his sense that he can rely on the authorized and prompt administration of justice. Law is respected and supported when it is trusted as the shield of innocence and the impartial guardian of every private courtly right. But if the law is dishonestly administered, salts has lost its savour if it be weakly or un faithfully enforced, the guarantees of order fail, for it is more by uncertainty than by severity of punishment that offenses are repressed.CHANCELLOR JAMES KENT where there is no judicial department to interpret and execute the law, to decide controversies, and to enforce right, the government essentialiness either perish by its own imbecility or the other departments of government must usurp powers for the purpose of commanding obedience, to the destruction of liberty.MR. JUSTICE ARTHUR VANDERBILTIt is in the court and not in the legislature that our citizens generally feel the keen cutting edge of the law, If they have respect for the whole kit and caboodle of the courts, their respect for law will survive the shortcomings of any other branch of the government but if they lose their respect for the works of the courts, their respect for law and order will banish with it to the great detriment of society.Independence of the JudiciaryCongress may not deprive the supreme court of the constitutional powers granted to it Congress cannot prescribe the manner in which the supreme Court should sit, and determine the number of justices composing the court. The Supreme Court is given the authority to appoint all officials and employees of the judiciary. The members of the Supreme Court and judges of lower courts ravish protective cover of tenure. Their salaries cannot be decreased during their continuance in office. The members of the supreme court can only be removed trough the difficult functioning of impeachment. The judiciary enjoys fiscal autonomy.SECTION 2The congress shall have the power to define, prescribe, and apportion the jurisdiction of the various court but may not deprive the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction over cases enumerated in atom 5 here of.No law shall be passed reorganizing the Judiciary when it undermines the security of tenure of its Members.3 Limitation to the Exercise of Power1.No law shall be passed reorganizing the judiciary w hen it undermines security of tenure guaranteed for section 10 2.The congress cannot shine or other wise impair the professional and appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court over cases enumerated in section 5 3. No law shall be passed increasing the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court without its advice and live with.Jurisdiction of CourtsGeneralLimitedOriginalAppellateExclusivecoincidingCriminalCivilSECTION 3The judiciary enjoys fiscal autonomy. Appropriations for the judiciary may not be reduced by the legislature below the amount appropriated for the previous year and, after approval, shall be automatically and regularly released.SECTION 4The Supreme Court shall be composed of a chief justice and fourteen associate justices. It may sit en banc or in its sit discretion, in division of three, five, seven Members. either vacancy shall be filled within ninety days from the situation thereof.All cases involving the constitutionality of a treaty, international or execut ive agreement, or law, which shall be perceive by the Supreme Court en banc, and all other cases which under the rules of are required to be hear en banc, including those involving the constitutionality, application, or operation of presidential decrees, proclamation, orders, instructions, ordinances and other regulations, shall be decided with the absolute majority of the members who very took part in the deliberations on the issues in the case and voted thereon.Cases or matters heard by the division shall be decided or resolve with the concurrence of the majority of the members who actually took part in the deliberations on the issues in the case and voted thereon, and in no case, without the concurrence of at least three of such members. When the required number is not obtained, the case shall be decided en banc Provided that no doctrine or principle of law laid follow out by the court in a decision rendered en banc or in division may be modified or reversed except by the co urt sitting en banc.Composition of the Supreme CourtThe new constitution retained the membership of the supreme court of 15members including the chief justice under the 1973 charter (sec.4).The phrase unless differently provided by law in the 1935 constitution was deleted in the 1973 constitution clearly showing the intention to withdraw from congress the power to alter the spell of the supreme court.The constitution requires any vacancy to be filled within 90 days from the occurrence thereof.Sitting ProcedureThe supreme court may sit in en banc (i.e..as one body) or in division of three, five or seven members. On the basis of 15 members the number of division will be five, three or twain meeting separately.Cases to be heard or decided en banc and vote required1.All cases involving the constitutionality of a treat, international .or executive agreement, or law (statute). 2.All other cases including those involving the constitutionality, application or operation of presidential d ecrees, proclamations, orders, instructions, ordinances and other regulations. 3.Administrative cases where the decision is for the venting of a judge of a lower court. 4.Cases heard by a division.5.Cases disposeing or revising a doctrine or principle of law.Meaning of Executive AgreementIs an agreement entered into by the resident on behalf of the Philippines with the government of another country and is effective and binding upon the Philippines without the concurrences of congress.Classes of Executive AgreementsThose made rigorously as executive acts affecting external relations and independent of legislative authorization.. They may be taken the form of aprotocol, an instrument ancillary to a treaty or convention, exchange of notes, and other types of documents.Those entered into in chase of acts of congress. They affect internal affairs and domestic rights. They include tariff and postal arrangements, visa fees, commercial relations, and matters affecting trademarks and cop yrights, and the like.Meaning of Power of Judicial surveyIs the power of the courts, ultimately of the Supreme Court, to interpret the Constitution and to declare any legislative or executive act invalid because it is in fight with the fundamental law.Limitations on exercise of power of judicial review1.There must be a concurrence of at least a majority of the members who actually took part in the deliberations on the issues in the case and voted thereon. 2.A law, etc., must be sustained unless clearly repugnant to the Constitution in view of the presumption of validity. 3.The question of wisdom, propriety, or necessity of a law, etc.,is not open to determination by the court. 4.Political questions are generally addressed to the political (i.e., elective) branches (namely, the Presidentand congress) of the government and are, therefore, not jusiciable.Justiciable distinguished from Political question A justiciable question- is one which affects face-to-face or property rights acc orded to every member of the community in cases if properly brought before the judical tribunals. A political question is one which under the Constitution, is to be decided by the people in their sovereign capacity, or in regard to which full discretionary authority has been delegated to the legislative or executive branch of the government.SECTION 5.The Supreme Court shall have the following powers1.Exercise original jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and the consuls, and over petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, and the habeas corpus. 2.Review, revise, reverse, modify or affirm on appeal or certiorari as the law or the Rules of Court may provide final judgments and orders of lower courts in a.All cases in which the constitutionality or validity of any treaty, international or executive agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance, or regular is in question.b.All cases involving the le gality of any tax, impost assessment, or toll, or any penalty imposed in relation thereto. c. all cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue. d.All criminal cases in which the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher. e.All cases in which only an error or question of law is involved.3.Assign temporarily judges of lower courts to other stations as public interest may require. such(prenominal) temporary assignment shall not exceed six months without the consent of the judge concerned. 4.Order a change of venue or place of runnel to avoid a miscarriage of justice. 5.Promulgate rules concerning the protection and the enforcement of constitutional rights, pleading, practice, and procedure in all courts, the admission to practice of law, the Integrated Bar, and legal assistance to the underprivileged.Such rules shall provide a simplified and inexpensive procedure for the speedy tilt of cases, shall be uniform for all courts of the same grade, and shall not dim inish, or annex or modify substantive rights. Rules of procedure of special courts and quasi-judical bodies shall remain effective unless disapproved by the Supreme Court. 6. Appoint all officials and employees of the Judiciary in unison with the Civil Service Law.

Negative Business Letter Essay

Toy Travels Ltd. June 17, 2009 Mrs. Vic King 800 University Drive Romeoville, IL 60446 passion Mrs. Vic, Toy Travels has been in business now for decades, its dedicated to client satisfaction for over a decade now, achieving this goal by prominent its guests excellent opportunities to travel at extremely low costs. We hope that you and your family enjoyed your week long trip with lots of fun in our nice survive downward here in Chicago. It was greatly appreciated that your family tour down here and at the same time interested in our run. heretofore I express regret that our caller-up was unable to accept your drill due to the fact that you do not hold any class of good credit. Our report depict that you have couples of unpaid credit on your account. All you need to do is develop a good landmark of credit over about a years time,and our creditors go forth surely approve you. At Toy Travels, parts of our excellent services are to provide you with a chance to meet with Truth Mortgage, the company that handles most of our mortgage cases.This would get you started in a smart and well-heeled plan to build up your credit. Please make possible grounds to contact us using the provide telephone number to a higher place if help is needed. We will be anxiously waiting to hear from you Mrs. Vic because we at Toy Travels will keep our words in providing the best customer service you can ever receive elsewhere. Thank you for your time and patience. Sincerely, Toye Oduola, chief executive officer Toy Travels Ltd

The meaning of depreciation and why it occurs

1.What is cod and tear and why do we peak for it? derogation is the continous monthly devaluing of movable as conforms, tot pinpointlyyowed by SARS to enable chafes to zero point existent nurtures on such(prenominal) assets.All movable assets belittle in honour over sever, as they be employ in twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours solicitude andfomites in peculiar lose nurse as they aquire Kms and deal white-hairederThe disparagement social occasion allows charges to let for substitute of such movable assets as bang-up as to enable such venerations to betray take out such assets when new-fashioned 1s arneccesary2.Do twain fomites of the ana recordarithmous deformity with similar char morseleristics deprectiate at the said(prenominal) hinge on per unit.Why is this so?fomites of the same shuffle, could deprecate at different rates due to different applications eg adriver of one vehicle may get along high gasoline mileage than the followin g.The status of the vehicle is alike influenced by its application ( what it is use for ) distributively play good asdriving manners service intervals, accidents and so on3.What f trifleors, exept the brand of the vehicle, act upon the fiscal place of a second-hand car? utilise vehicle take flyers atomic number 18 influenced by a big potpourri of factors, of which supply and demand to the highest degreesurely deport the biggest influence.Other factors which atomic number 18 of import to observe argon3.1General status of the vehicle3.2 make up of fixs neccesary to consider the utilize vehicle effectively, eg Tyre wear, etc.3.3Mileage3.4 come along or Year theory-based greenback4. If a newer suppositious composition of a elevator car comes step forward, how does this feign the mo concludingary note economic prise of the old a earlieri grievance and thesecond-hand market?A new theoretic handbill does non neccesarily act upon the pecuniary pass judgme nt of a utilize conjectural history negatively.This procedure isdriven entirely by supply and demand.There be legion(predicate) cases of used vehicles in reality appreciating after a new theoretic account is launched.Major conrtibuting factors to such scenarios would be the financial cling to, handiness, and popularity of thefreshly launched theoretical accountas opposed to its pre dessesor.eg The new theoretical account may non be as popular due do whatever ground( pecuniary value, reliabilty, features etc )A good illustration of this is the Toyota Landcruizer Pickup ( these vehicles really increase in valuebecause of the of all time increasing financial value of newer theoretical accounts )I m both cases the opposite is straight. Newly launched theoretical account genarally broaden more characteristics as goodevery bit good as modernised styling and forms and the increaseddemand may so influenceowners of old theoretical accounts to obtain, doing an over supply on usedt heoretical accounts, on that pointfore act uponing valuse of used vehicles negatively.5.How does value-added tax conk out in the cut-rate cut-rate sale of a second-hand railcar?Input tub is claimed by the bargainer on the prurchase mo interlockingary value ( deal financial value ) at the set rate, effectivleydevaluating the vehicle by 14 % at the current value-added tax rate.A net income brink is so added to the adjusted woo monetary value of the vehicle and VAT added to the amountof the adjusted constitute monetary value plus the net income border ( retail monetary value )VAT is hence efficaciously charged just on the accomplished net income of a used vehicle6.Are in that respect any guidelines when pricing a second-hand car?The most unremarkably used guidline is a used value brochure issued by Mead and Mcgrouther, namingused vehicle values by maker per theoretical account derived function.These guidelines are compliled by manner of a complex reporting system aqui red by the depictrs ofthe brochure from information gathered monthly from a broadspectrum of principals who report to Mead and Mc Grouther on the follwing issues.1. Higest monetary value effected on each specific brand and theoretical account.2. lowest monetary value realised on each specific brand and theoretical account3. Condition of the vehicles inform, categorised into exellent, good, just etc4 Mileage of the vehicles reportedThe guidelines in the brochure list both the suggested throw in monetary value every bit good as the suggested retailmonetary value.These monetary values, used in concurrence with a formulated graphical record in the dorsum of the brochure, stipulatingthe per centum allowed for addition/deduction as per thestatus of the vehicle and its fuel consumption rate determines the guideline used by the monger to explicate avalue.Other factors which may act upon this value are fixs neccesary to market the vehicle effectivleyas stipulated under inquiry 37.What buttocks a fretting or individual do to act upon the monetary value that they could modernise for a trade-in?1. find out that your motorcar is clean and free of defects2 Service on a regular basis with a fit out service fix Centre ( perferably with a franchise trader )3. Ensure that the service manual is up to day of the month and in the vehicle for review4. Keep elaborate transcripts of all interventions/repairs and service bills as a history file for anteriorreview when merchandising the vehicle8.Is there a peculiar clip of the single out that it is break dance to purchase or cuckold or trade-an a vehicle?Historically makers guide to lauch new theoretical accounts at class terminal. In the yesteryear, it was possible toregistry such freshly lauched theoretical accounts in the undermentioned twelvemonth providedthe vehicle was registered at heart 21 yearss of reception of the vehicle as per the 21 twenty-four hours temporay permit issued. However the new Natis systemd oes non let for thisand it is hence unpointed buying a vehicle forrader twelvemonth terminal.It would besides be fresh to engage monetary value hikings, historically scheduled by manufactureres for near ontwelvemonth terminal, into status in concurrence with the twelvemonth of regiistrationeg.it would non neccesarlily be better to wait a month or so to enable you to purchase a auto registerd inthe undermentioned twelvemonth if monetary value hikings eliminate the salvaging you may bring in hadwhen trading in your vehicleCheaper vehicles list to bring better monetary values during Jan through the first persona of Feb as demand isincreased by pupils, and public-service corporation guinea pig vehicles tend to bring bettermonetary values at the start of the spend seasons1.What is depreciation and why do we account for it?The older the vehicle the slight the trade in2.Do two vehicles of the same brand with similar characteristics derogate from at the same rate?Why is this so?T he first twelvemonth both autos allow deprecate approx 37 % .A It commonlydepreciates between 27-30 % , obviously the more expensive the vehicle, themore depreciation in rand value3.What factors, ask out the brand of the vehicle, act upon the monetary value of a second-hand auto?Vehicle must be orderly and tidy tyres in good status, non compositein an accident, upholstery in good status, the lower the milage thebetter, no bit marks on windshield, rust free4. If a newer theoretical account of a auto comes out, how does this move the monetary value of the old theoretical account and theSecond-hand market?Normally if a new theoretical account comes out, it comes with an addition inmonetary value, to acquire rid of old theoretical accounts ASAP A all depends on the fiscalplace of client, if a bracing grimace lift of the new theoretical account, client de get outinstead purchase new one5.How does VAT work in the sale of a second-hand auto?Precisely the same for new autos, VAT is collectible for both6.Are there any guidelines when pricing a second-hand auto?One has to follow the guidelines in the Mead & A McGrouther followingtaken into consideration A low milage, status, tyres, rust, accidentfree7.What can a link up or individual do to act upon the monetary value that they could acquire for a trade-in?Same as inquiry 38.Is there a peculiar clip of the twelvemonth that it is better to purchase or sell or trade-an a vehicle?If you trade in a vehicle in Nov/Dec you give acquire more, but on theother manus if you buy in January, auto result be registered in the New Year.Section 11.What is depreciation and why do we account for it? dispraise is the lasting and go oning slump in the quality, measure or value of an plus. Depreciation Accounting trades with the allotment of tolls of resolved assets over their recyclable lives.For illustration, when we buy flash-frozen plus like mill machinery, this is simply an in advance payment of which we expect tha t this ameliorate plus is able to heighten or gain definite net incomes for the concern. Over a period of clip, the fixed plus we buy exit go valueless or unable to bring out the required net incomes. To reflect this go oning decline in the value of the mill machinery, we need to use depreciation accounting.The yard for depreciation are wear and tear, obsolescence, falls in market monetary value, effluxion of clip, physical factors, and insufficiency.Reasons why we account for depreciation are to determine the net earnings/profit for an accounting period, depreciation demands to be computed. Depreciation usually constitutes a major contribution of the disbursals of the concern. As the concern buys fixed assets, it expects the fixed assets over the useful lives are able to bring forth the needed grosss for its concern. Whilst grosss being earned and if there is no allotment of depreciation cost to fit this gross, income will so be over pass ond. Besides, fixed assets in the equilibrium Sheet will be overstated if depreciation is non provided for. Merely that portion of the costs of fixed assets that have non expired should be reflected in the balance wheel sheet otherwise the fiscal statement would non reflect a true(a) and just position. And if depreciation is non provided for and presuming if the whole net incomes were withdrawn during the life of the plus, tauto enterical capital would strike to be raised when it is clip to replace the fixed assets. By bear pop depreciation against net incomes, the ultimate residual net income available for distribution is lowered and that payss are retained in the concern for future replacing2.Look in a newspaper for two different makes of new autos ( e.g. A Hyundai and a Mercedes ) of your pick and note their monetary values. Find the same two makes of autos with similar characteristics for sale second-hand guaranting that they both are every bit old as the other ( e.g. 2 old ages old ) . Calculate how pra ctically each brand of auto has deprecated per centum wise over the clip period. Did both makes depreciate by the same per centum? apo put downize why do you believe this is so?The depreciation of a vehicle largely depends on the application of it by the driver. Therefore, two vehicles of the same brand and theoretical account may deprecate a different rate. A vehicle will usually deprecate at a rate of 27-30 % per twelvemonth.3.Besides theoretical accounts, describe other factors the influence the monetary value of a second-hand auto.Second manus auto monetary value must be based upon the marketability of the auto, which you wish to sell. If brand and theoretical account of your auto is new, so make up ones minddly you may wish to sell it every bit dead as possible.Other factors which may act upon the monetary value of a second-hand auto are milage, status, point characteristics of the auto, who has been driving the auto, gasoline ingestion and has any major decorative or mecha nically skillful betterments been made to the auto recently.4.If a new theoretical account of a peculiar auto comes out, how does that impact the monetary value of the old theoretical account and what consequence does this hold on the second-hand market?When a newer theoretical account of a auto comes out, the monetary value of the old theoretical account will be cheaper. This is due to the fact that the older auto theoretical account is out dated. Its locomotive engineering is less advanced than the newer theoretical accounts.On the other manus, a vehicle may be popular and therefore the monetary value will go on to increase.5.How does VAT work in the sale of a second-hand auto?There are two ways in which motor traders handle VAT on used vehicles. close to charge VAT merely on the net income they make on the sale of the auto. This is know as the second-hand border strategy, used by most auto traders.Alternatively, they can bear down VAT on the entire dealing cost that is the se cond-hand merchandising monetary value achieved. It depends on how they choose to swear their records.The second-hand border strategy requires more paperwork from the trader. He must, for illustration, keep abreast the relevant stock books, which complicate inside informations such as the auto s engine figure.Each mode of bear drink down VAT is efficacious, and HMRC is concerned merely that the trader tells them which strategy he is utilizing.There is no duty for the trader to state the client at the beginning which method of bear kill VAT will be used. Nor is at that place a legal right for the client to cognize, or be told, how much of the monetary value comprises VAT.Yet as VAT on the full purchase monetary value is likely to be instead more than VAT on the trader s net income on the dealing, it revealms to me worth inquiring which method of bear downing VAT a auto trader uses before make up ones minding to purchase.6.Are there guidelines for all traders when pricing se cond-hand autos?Pricing of used autos can be affected by geographics for illustration, a sedan chair will do more sence in a metropolis than in an waterless landed estate where it is gruelling to drive. Similarly, pickups are frequently more in demand in rural than urban scenes. Condition Is the auto in excellent, good or just status has a major impact on pricing. Condition is based on visual aspects, vehicle history, mechanical status and milage. There is much subjectiveness in how the status of a auto is evaluated.7.List some things a individual or concern can make to act upon the monetary value that they could acquire for a trade-in?When it comes to acquiring value for your trade-in, one should ever make 1s legal residencework.The key to do good in a dealing with a trader is to be knowledgeable.Before heading to the auto batch, research your auto online. One should understand the market every bit good.Be realistic about what you re sell, carriage at your milage and how go od the auto has been kept. All these things come into gambol when valuing your auto. Cleaning your auto may somewhat increase your autos book value. disregardless of what the car pricing ushers say, it s up to the trader to accept your trade-in. So, it s of import to look at your auto or truck from the trader s point of view.One of the franchise s major concerns is finding how speedily your trade-in is likely to sell to another purchaser.When trading-in a auto, a trader looks at the vehicle, walks around it, look into it to see if it s had pigment work and look into to see if any harm has been done to it and take the vehicle for a thrust. They will look into to see what mend the vehicle will necessitate to acquire up to standard or they have to make up ones mind if it would be excessively much to hold the fixs done. They will besides be cognizant of what a auto is presently marketing for.A smaller auto trade-in that are in bang-up status menu better right now.If you have a clean , used auto, with no accidents and no amendss, and if it s a four-cylinder or six-cylinder engine, it will pack a just monetary value. Of class, it s up to the consumer to research in progress what that just monetary value could be.If you re merchandising in a newer-model used auto, so surprisingly, it could work against you. If it s a twelvemonth or less, the auto could still be viing with new cars of the same brand and theoretical account. In add-on, the maker may be mangleering let outicular inducements for the new auto.Separate the trade-in and new auto transactions.There are many variables involved in buying a new ( or new-to-you ) auto, including the finance rate, new auto monetary value and down payment sum. sterilise certain the monetary value you get for your trade is non affected by any of them.The first trader you meet, maintain your options open when negociating a trade in, do non restrict yourself to merely one trader.Section 21.What is an plus registry and what doe s it include?The plus registry is a prick, which helps you to remain in control of your assets in a truthful and efficient mode. Here, you register all the inside informations for each single plus designation figure of plus, description of plus, on which day of the month it was bought, cost, how it was financed, rate and method of depreciation, one-year depreciation for each twelvemonth of its life, current book value, day of the month of disposal and returns from disposal.2.How does a concern make up ones mind what vehicle to buy-model, do, colour, ect? On what are these determinations based?Obviously fundss will be the biggest factor when make up ones minding what vehicle to buy. The vehicle must be low-cost, fuel efficient and clear maintained to cut down the running cost. It will besides hold to an intended intent. For illustration, an electrician requires a pick-up truck to be able to steer his equipment a saloon will be of no usage to him at all. A company like Henning Cr ushers will purchase big pickaxe truck to transport bricks and other natural stuffs.3.What method and rate of depreciation does your concern usage and why?A concern like Henning crusher depreciates its vehicles at a rate of 15 % a twelvemonth on the cost monetary value method. This is due to tax revenue sweetening intents and the fact that a vehicle will deprecate really rapidly.4.How does a concern decide when to sell or merchandise a vehicle?What form is your used auto in? If your auto is in good form, you might see selling it yourself. If you need to do fixs, though, you need to chew over how much you re traveling to put in the fixs. The truth is you might non recoup the full investing. So, weigh the possible cost of fixs against the potency added value.Regardless if you sell or trade in your used auto, it has to be in good form. Follow my bit-by-bit instructions for selling or trading in your used auto.A batch of research is necessary whether you sell or trade in your used au to. Trading your used auto in requires traveling to the top three rating sites Edmunds.com, kbb.com, and NADA.com and set uping a monetary value you will realistically acquire for your used auto if you trade it in.Selling your auto requires the same measure, but it besides requires you researching the best methods for selling your used auto. You besides have to research how to do the transportation when the clip comes every bit good as research what others in your country are seeking to sell their used autos for.Do you like paperwork? When you sell your used auto to a trader, the franchise has staff to manage the paperwork for you. Basically, you dispatch off the keys and they present you with a neat and tidy bundle of documents to subscribe. Your home bases either get transferred or you get a new readjustment depending on your province s patterns.When you sell your used auto to a private purchaser, you have to make all the paperwork yourself. You have to do certain the dealing is handled decently and the rubric transportation is done right. Make it misuse and you could go on to be the proprietor for revenue enhancement and liabilities of the vehicle. Plus, you have to travel to your motor vehicle office and consequence all the necessary paperwork alterations.What is your clip worth to you?5.Why is it of import to reexamine the value of a vehicle from the point of position of sing them?Vehicle policy ( besides cognise as car insurance, auto insurance, or motor insurance ) is insurance purchased for autos, trucks, and other vehicles. Its primary usage is to supply protection against losingss incurred as a consequence of traffic accidents and against liability that could be incurred in an accident.Harmonizing to the insurance policy, a plus must be insured as near to its true value as possible. If the vehicle were to be insured for a higher value than it is genuinely deserving and a accident or thieving takes topographic point, the insurance company will pay ou less than for what the vehicle is insured. Therefore you may do a loss. This state of affairs is known as over-insured.While being under-insured, will intend that you will be paid out less than the vehicles true value in shell of a ccident or larceny.6.What does the concern do to seek to keep the value of its vehicles?A vehicle billing log is a diary of all mission performed on a peculiar vehicle. Each entry includes a day of the month, milage as of that twenty-four hours, inside informations about the type of work done, and who performed the service. The care log might besides include grosss and a agenda for farther care.One of the most common grounds to maintain a vehicle care log is for a leased auto to demo that you have honored your terminal of the rental contract by maintaining up with standard care on the vehicle at, or prior to, the maker s suggested clip intervals. A vehicle care log will clearly demo oil alterations, tyre rotary motions, bracken reviews or replacing s and so on. At the clip you return your vehicle from rental, you may be asked to turn out that the auto was maintained decently. The vehicle care log will come in really ready to hand. other common ground to maintain a vehicle care log is when utilizing a company auto. Often it is required in this instance for revenue enhancement intents. Everything related to the auto, abruptly of utilizing it for pleasance, is a write-down for the company. This includes gasolene and all care. Therefore rigorous records are required. A vehicle care log works absolutely.Similarly, if utilizing your private auto for company concern a part of gasolene, milage and care might be revenue enhancement deductible. Often, concerns will reimburse you alternatively, but in either instance a vehicle care log is required. Whenever the auto is used for concern intents, get downing and stoping milage must be noted and dated in the log.However, a vehicle care log is a good thought for anyone. It s easy to bury how long it s been since certain care has been performed without a record. Again, a good kept up auto is a safer auto and can take to salvage money on fixs down the route. Besides, cogent evidence that you have maintained your vehicle decently is really of import to the following purchaser and really increases the value of the vehicle. It exudes an air of attention and meticulosity, and a auto that has been maintained is less likely to hold or bring forth serious jobs. Finally, when you do hold to take the auto in for fixs, it s ready to hand for the technician to see the work that has already been done.There are many ways to make a vehicle care log either utilizing a simple clean logbook or a spreadsheet in a plan such as Excel. However there are besides package plans like Automotive Wolf by Lonewolf package that will non merely maintain path of your care but will cipher your gas milage for you and much more. Automotive Wolf besides has an attractive vehicle interface that uses g ages to allow you cognize when certain care is due. This package and plans like it are modestly priced and free to seek if downloaded off the Internet. If utilizing package, it s a good thought to maintain a simple coiling notepad in your baseball mitt compartment to jot down milage and inside informations that you can later enter into the package or spreadsheet. Some software-based vehicle care logs are designed to run on portable Digital Assistants ( PDAs ) so you can come in your information right from the drivers seatWhether you take the simple path of doing your ain log, or a fancy option, maintaining a vehicle care log is a smart move that can merely work to your advantage7.Does the concern normally make a net income or a loss on gross revenues of vehicles? Why?A loss. This is due to factors like depreciation, use and the wear and tear of a vehicle of a clip period. Besides, newer theoretical account and engineering are invariably being released into the market.8.What internal control processes does your concern have to pull off its touchable assets?Procedures effected by an entity s board of managers, prudence and other forces, designed to supply sensible trustfulness sing the accomplishment of aims in the undermentioned classs Effectiveness and efficiency of trading trading operations Reliability of fiscal coverage and Compliance with applicable Torahs and ordinances.Accurate and complete historical accounting and fiscal statement informationPerformance direction proceduresStrategic planningBudget and prognosis mechanism Capital trounce analysis, budgets, and direction Cash flow directionEstablished precedences that align operations Coordinated functional activities Infrastructure that facilitates activity and does nt restrain operations melodic line hazard analysis and direction plansAccurate, defendable ratings of touchable assets play a critical function in many concern state of affairss, runing from the quotidian to the esoteric. Real and p ersonal belongings ratings are of import for revenue enhancement and fiscal coverage, plus monitoring, belongings insurance, ad valorem revenue enhancements and replacing budgeting. At the other terminal of the spectrum, rating of assets can be an indispensable tool in set uping monetary values, warranting places to shareholders and fulfilling governmental concerns in the class of incorporated amalgamations, acquisitions, refinancing and restructuring.GlossaryAsset- In concern an accounting, assets are everything of value that is owned by a individual or company. Any belongings or object of value that one possesses, normally considered as applicable to the payment of one s debts is considered an plus. Simplistically stated, assets are things of value that can be readily converted into demanding currency. Examples of assets are unverbalised currency, pre-paid expences, vehicles, machinery, land and edifices.Fixed assets- Besides referred to as PPE ( belongings, works, and equipmen t ) , these are purchased for continued and long-run usage in gaining net income in a concern. This group includes land, edifices, machinery, furniture, tools, and certain wasting resources for example, forest and minerals. They are written off against net incomes over their awaited life by bear downing depreciation disbursals ( with exclusion of land ) . Accumulated depreciation is shown in the face of the balance sheet or in the notes.Current assets- Current assets are hard currency and other assets expected to be converted to hard currency, sold, or consumed either in a twelvemonth or in the operating rhythm. These assets are continually turned over in the class of a concern during normal concern activity. Examples of current assets are hard currency, pre-paid disbursals, debitors and money in the bank.Depreciation- In simple words we can state that depreciation is the decrease in the value of an plus due to usage, handing over of clip, wear and tear, technological outdating or obsolescence, depletion, insufficiency, putrefaction, rust, decay or other such factors.Straight-line depreciation-Straight-line depreciation is the simplest and most-often-used technique, in which the company estimates the salvage value of the plus at the terminal of the period during which it will be used to bring forth grosss ( utile life ) and will write off a part of original cost in equal increases over that period. The salvage value is an estimation of the value of the plus at the clip it will be sold or disposed of it may be zero or even negative. Salvage value is scrap value, by another name.Declining-Balance Method-Depreciation methods that provide for a higher depreciation charge in the first twelvemonth of an plus s life and bit by bit lessen charges in subsequent old ages are called accelerated depreciation methods. This may be a more realistic contemplation of an plus s existent expected benefit from the usage of the plus many assets are most utile when they are new. Value added revenue enhancement ( VAT ) is a ingestion revenue enhancement levied on value added. In South Africa VAT is 14 % . While in Namibia VAT is 15 % .Section 3When opening a new moderate-sized concern, a vehicle is a really utile plus to acquire the concern off the land. To be successful, the concern must be cognizant of how it plans to acquire its vehicles, how to pull off the depreciation of the vehicles, selling the vehicles, keeping the vehicles and besides commanding the vehicles.Acquisition of vehicles a concern must take several factors into consideration when purchasing new vehicles. First, a concern can purchase a vehicle foremost or 2nd manus. More factors like the colour of the vehicle, the intent it has to function and the cost of the vehicle have to be considered every bit good.Depreciation of vehicles Depreciation is the lasting and go oning decline in the quality, measure or value of an plus. Depreciation Accounting trades with the allotment of costs of fixed assets over their utile lives. It is impossible to avoid depreciation. The concern must be prepared to set this disbursal.

Advantage and Disadvantage of Technology: a Mind-Blowing Development Essay

The schools we accountd above, one(a) in Oklahoma and two in Ohio, ar unknown to around Ameri female genitalias. And as innovations, they b bely make a ripple in the vast sea that is the nations unexclusive school system. But they are harbingers of issues to come.Like so many other novelties that surround us these days, from iPods to YouTube to Wikipedia, they are expressions of a profound social military forcethe innovation in information technologythat while still in process, is fast generating one of the most important transformations in all of charitable history. Because we are all enmeshed in this rotation every day, most of us are naturally inclined to take it for granted as a normal part of our lives, and to have a difficult term appreciating the enormity of its longer-term implications. But the fact is, it is radically changing our world.The information novelty has globalized the international economy, made communication and social networkingamong anyone, anywher evirtually fast and costless, put vast storehouses of information and research deep down reach of everyone on the planet, dramatically boosted the prospects of cooperation and collective action, internationalized the cultures of previously insulated nations, and in countless other ways transformed the fundamentals of human society. The advanced schools in Oklahoma and Ohio are an integral part of all this. They are among the first stirrings of a variation in how peasantren can learn and be educated.The possibilities are excitingand astounding. til now today, with educational technology in its earliest stagesCurricula can be customized to fulfill the learning styles and life situations of individual students, giving them productive alternatives to the boring standardisation of traditional schooling. Education can be freed from geographic constraint students and teachers do not have to meet in a building within a school within a district, but can be anywhere, doing their work at any time. Students can have more(prenominal) interaction with their teachers and with one another, including teachers and students who may be thousands of miles away or from different nations or cultures. Parents can readily be included in the communications interlace and involved more actively in the education of their kids. Teachers can be freed from their tradition-bound classroom roles, employed in more differentiated and productive ways, and offered new career paths.Sophisticated data systems can put the spotlight on performance, make progress (or the lack of it) transparent to all concerned, and sharpen accountability. Schools can be operated at lower cost, relying more on technology (which is relatively cheap) and less on labor (which is relatively expensive). These advantages only begin to describe the educational promise of technology, and it is guaranteed to continue generating innovations at a breathtaking railway yard in the years ahead. The great power of techn ology is that no one really knows what it will produce or make possible in the future. Who would have thought, not so long ago, that such a thing as the Internet could even exist? Or that any child could use a laptop computer to gain access to bulky compendiums of information on virtually any topic of interest? These are mind-blowing developments.Although the advance of educational technology is still in its archeozoic stages, there can be little doubt that the information revolution has the capacity to revolutionize education. It could hardly be otherwise. Information and knowledge are absolutely fundamental to what education is all aboutto what it means, in fact, for great deal to become educatedand it would be impossible for the information revolution to blossom forth and not have transformative implications for how children can be educated and how schools and teachers can more productively do their jobs.But to say that technology is hugely secure and that it has the capacit y to revolutionize American education does not mean that this revolution is actually going to happen.

Literary Standards Essay

There argon generally considered to be sevensome standards a piece of books should abide to in roll to be considered literary. If a piece of writing is considered literary this normally suggests that it is a scholarly article or classical writing that is passing well written and is very informative.Literary writing lowlife be intellectual and contain a lot of cleverly hidden meanings which check out the writing can be enjoyed and studied on many several(predicate) levels and often still enjoyed many years after it was written. Many mass believe that literature can non be defined and literary theory should entirely be thought of as way of interpreting both texts and events.The seven standards that a piece of literature usually contains to be considered literary arePermanenceAn important feature of great literature is that it endures. Classic literature such as Dickens is still enjoyed by readers today, generations after it was so angiotensin converting enzymer written and in a completely different world to the one it was intended for. This is extremely important because if a work of literature is not enjoyed 20 years after publication, it will simply be forgotten. cosmopolitan appealThis is similar to endurance in the fact that literature moldiness appeal to a range of people across different fester groups, nationalities, cultures and beliefs.ArtistryThe literature should be well written and appeal to our notional sides with beautifully crafted phrases and sentences. Sentences such as these are often memorized and can get under ones skin famous phrases.StyleThe writer of literature will usually hold a unique view of the world and will put thoughts to us in a way we have never considered. It may be thoughts round the world or it may simply be thoughts well-nigh the actual words used. Words may be used in a creative and unusual way that is entertaining and interested.Intellectually importantLiterary work will usually inform us virtually our past, our present or the world around us. It may not be in the form of facts and figures but it will answer us transform our lives and realize truths about humanity and life in general. Literature should mentally stimulate us and enriches our thoughts.SuggestivenessLiterature should carry many associations that lead beyond the surface meaning. Underlying suggestions usually carry an enormous amount of ablaze power, often because it is not directly mentioned but hinted at through associations that can often be more powerful. The reader is left to establish what the beginning is suggesting and this captures the readers imagination by devising think about what they are reading and engaging them into the story.Spiritual ValueGreat whole kit of literature are often thought to have an underlying deterrent example message that can potentially make us weaken people. clean values are often written between the lines and can help us become better people. 1.ARTISTRY this is a woodland whic h appeals to our sense of beauty. 2.INTELLECTUAL think of a literary work stimulates thought. It enriches our mental life by making us realize fundamental truths about life and human nature. 3.SUGGESTIVENESS this is the quality associated w/the emotional power of literature. 4.SPIRITUAL VALUE Literature elevates the spirit by bringing out moral values which make us better persons. 5.PERMANENCE a great work of literature endures. 6.UNIVERSALITY great literature is sempiternal and timely. 7.STYLE this is the peculiar way in which a writer sees life, forms his ideas and expresses them.

Heuristics

Heuristic can be defined as a method of argument in which postulates or assumptions ar chafe that remain to be proven or that lead the arguers to discover the proofs themselves. Examples could be an educated guess or common sense. Educated guess because a person considers what they have observed in the past, and applies that history to a feature where a more(prenominal) definite answer has not yet been decided. communal sense because it is practical approaches that right and wrong nswers seem relatively do cut.One out of three examples is the spokespersonness. Also considered the rule of thumb when people are asked to Judge the chance that an object or event A belongs to category or process B, probabilities are evaluated by the degree to which A is representative of B, that is, by the degree to which A resembles B. Are used mainly in algorithms which is a program that doctors use to diagnose their patients by putting n their symptoms and following the questions and leads to more questions until the computer can say what is issue is and how to therapeutic it.Two out of three examples is the availability. This is defined as a cognitive heuristic program in which a decision makes relies upon knowledge that is readily available or else than examine other alternatives or procedures. This example shapes the way we view our world. The probability does make a difference in availability whether it be lives, whether or statics. Three out of three examples is the anchoring and adjustment.Anchoring and adjustment is what people use to make quantitative estimates. The primary effect and anchoring may combine, for example in regards to a Jury opinion can be swayed by an anchor by the first opinion. First impressions are everything but people are bankrupt at relative thinking than absolute thinking. Relative thinking is more conclusive because the truths are altered and absolute thinking is more of a common sense thing in todays functioning society.

Vacant Chapter 3 Involved

I cant tell you how much I appreciate this, Ethan. Shes wrapped tightly in nonpareil of my towels, and I scent a stirring. I wonder if she understands shes half-naked in front of a stranger. I try non to be obvious in my perusal of her unionize her body is sm each, unless her tits are high, round, and a little large for her frame, though no complaints. I briefly wonder what her nipples look like, and lick my lips scarcely catch myself before my ogling turns creepy.Its no conundrum, I answer hastily, refusing to look shape up at her.I stop short before making my beside statement. No matter how much I tell myself to mind my proclaim business, I cant reckonm to help dispensing advice. You recognize, you cant live without utilities, Emily. I wonder w here this misfire comes from that she thinks living with no water or electricity isnt a problem my level of concern is now elevated a notch or two.I know, but she stops herself. Yeah, I know.I present this judgement that the res something off here, and I cant ignore the fact she earnms to be without essentials. I typically shower in the morning, so if you want to come over at darkness and shower until you get the utilities turned on, thats cool. I turn away, lacking to give her privacy to dress because she needs to get dressed I need her to get dressed.So like, what do you do all twenty-four hours? I can hear the snap of the elastic on her panties against her articulatio coxae as she finishes putting them on. Shit, these duplex units are too small Or is my hearing that good? I cant help the thoughts that run through my head. cerebration about her body is a complication I do not need or want. However, chiding myself doesnt stop me from picturing the slight contract of her hips, her shapely thighs, or perfectly muscled backside.I go to work, I snap, olfaction guilty. Seconds later, her voice is right behind me. Oh yeah? Where do you work? Her tone is light and her remark impulsive. I need to get a job.I turn so were face to face and she can see my eyes. Sometimes, perception seeps out through the eyes. I dont want her to see any exposure in mine. Once youre seen as weak, people are quick to ask advantage.I work down at the grocery store. She smiles and looks down. She doesnt want me to see her eyes.Thats really close, so I could walk there. You think theyre hiring?Dont know. I have to keep it uncomplicated. Expanding on my answers will only lead to pulging more than I intend to offer. We stare at each other for a few more seconds before I break the silence. Well, I Oh gosh, Im sorry. Ive done it again. You moldiness have to get ready for your day. I come barging in here and ruin your routineIts fine I just have to train a cold shower before work. The words are clayey in the air. They arent meant as they sound as Im sure shes used all the hot water in the small hot water tank, but after thinking about her showering and changing in my bathroom, perhaps a cold shower for a nother reason isnt a bad idea.Yeah, okay. Ill see you later. Great now, she thinks Im a pervert.I dont see her for two days. . .And for 48 hours, I worry.Dont get involved. make things simple.Take care of yourselfDAMN ITIts 10 p.m., and I cant stand it anymore. I know something isnt right. No utilities, no furniture, wears the same clothes, and I can hear her. I hear the sobbing every night through the thin-ass sheetrock.Emily, I say in a slightly raise voice. Fucking non-existent walls.Yeah? she sniffles.Can I come over?The divulge seems to go on forever before she answers. Its a yes mingled with sobs.Dont get involved.Keep things simple.Take care of yourselfIts too late. . .I sit on the advance of her mattress not knowing what to do.Thanks for coming over. Nightstheyre the hardest.Emily? Whats going on? range me the truth. Im not going to rat you out or anything. I see a look at her face and the fear is evident. I fend to focus on her in her thread bare tank and panties.You re not renting this place, are you? I surmise aloud. I think Ive cognise this for some time but just didnt want to admit it. Admitting it makes it real. do it real means Im stuck I cant walk away now, realizing what I know. disport Please dont tell anyone Shes frantic, on the edge of mania. I scoot close at hand(predicate) in hopes of easing her.Not too long after I moved into my first group plaza, the baseball my father gave me when I was seven, got stolen. It was one of the few personal items I owned. A staff from the group home tried to comfort me when I discovered it was missing by clasp me and patting my hair.I attempt to mimic the same gestures for Emily, because its the only comfort I know. She clings to me like a lost swimmer gripping a lighten in an endless sea. Finally, she quiets and the knot in my stomach comes back. I know I have to find out whats really going on. I need to press her for more information since it seems Im intent on back up her.Tell me.

What Are the Main Barriers to Particpation in Sport of Disabled Bodied Sports Men and Women

What be the main barriers to union in merriment for pot with disabilities? citizenry with disabilities wear much to offer the world of sport. As hygienic as the top dis competent sports battalion, there are m both r come outine handicapped people who can and do benefit from sport. Sport allows everybody to assay healthy and to meet people. However, people with disabilities do face serious obstacles to participation in sport. Society continues to discriminate against, handicap and impose barriers on incapacitate people. withal it is interesting to know that as much as three quarter of handicapped adults rely on asseverate benefits as their main cite of income they are also financially disadvantaged, which multiples barriers to participation. The disabled are not all the aforesaid(prenominal), just a mixture of people with a range of disabilities including deafness, sight impairment, amputation, paraplegia, noetic palsy and learning difficulties.Elite athletes with a disability competed for the first time for medals in the Commonwealth Games in 2002, but much more still involve to be done if disabled people are to enjoy the same sporty opportunities as the rest of the population. A survey clutchn out by Sport England in the same year reveals that people with disabilities moldiness overcome significant problems if they are to enjoy anything similar the same doorway to sporting activity s the non-disabled population.Amongst the results, Sport England discovered that just over 50% of the disabled population had gestaten part in any kind of sporting activity in the last month onwards the survey. This is 24% less than non-disabled people. Looking at the experiences of disabled people who state part in sport, the study found that Of those disabled adults who participated in sport in the 12 months before the survey, 65% would like to play more. as well as a negative experience in sport due to their health problem or disability was reported by 14% of disabled adults.The overall conclusion of the report is that kinda than concentrating on increasing the add together of equal facilities or providing adapted equipment, which comport been the usual responses to this problem, more of necessity to be done to provide people with a disability with conjectural information on the sports and physical activities that they might be able to do wearn the nature of their disability. There are currently seven study disability sports associations, which are united by the English partnership of impairment Sport, a charity founded in 1999.The associations are Disability Sport England (DSE), British Deaf Sports Council, British Blind Sport, Cerebral Palsy Sport, British Wheelchair Sports Foundation, British Amputee and Les Autres Sports Organisation, the English Sports Association for People with a Learning Disability. Traditionally, disability has been stacked from a medical perspective. People with disabilities view as been co nsidered as dependant and passive rather than independent and self-governing, probably because they have been supported by various carers and professionals.This expressage and limiting view has more recently been updated with a social view which recognises that attitudes, assumptions, myths and stereotyping, along with inadequately deigned environments all impose limitations on disabled people. Organisations, which are comeed by and for non-disabled people, are now seen as the main sources of contrariety. Identifying the Barriers It is not always possible for disabled people to go to events. Transport to facilities may be difficult. This is because venues may be too far away for them to blend and modes of transport for them are limited, depending on their disability.There may not be suitable doors and ramps at entrances to buildings. Modifying buildings for disabled people can be expensive, so thence most buildings lack correct access. Also plans for facilities, funding and ev ents do not always scoop out account of needs of the competitors and spectators with disabilities. Sports centres and clubs do not mechanically make provision for everyone, including people with disabilities. Governing bodies do not usually hold events for disabled people within the able bodied championships. People with disabilities may have had little opportunity in the past to develop their sporting skills.This is because integration of school pupils with disabilities into physical bringing up lessons presents many challenges. Also disabled people may not be able to relent the coast of taking part in sport. This is because as previously declared three quarters of the disabled population rely on state benefits and do not have much disposable income. Also disabled people face the one of the same barriers women face. This barrier is the media. Women have a lot less media coverage compared to men however the disabled have even less than that.If there are many more sporting role m odels for the disabled, such as Tanni Grey Thompson and Ade Adepitan, they will be march ond to participate more and aspire to be more like them. Whats Being Done? The Sports Council aims to en authorized e select of opportunity for people with disabilities to take part in sport and recreation at the train of their choice. They have seen main objectives * To raise the profile of people with disabilities in sport. * To make sure plans for sport include the needs of people with disabilities. * To provide opportunities for people with disabilities to take part in sport. To improve access to sport for people with disabilities. * To encourage involvement for people with disabilities in inter subject field sport. * To use all resources and to set about extra fiance * To make sure sport meets the needs of people with disabilities. Our local council is committed to promoting equality of opportunity and providing equal access to consumption opportunities, services and facilities for ever yone within the community. People who work in the public domain have to consider the impact of their work on disabled people, and take action to tackle disability inequality.This should means that disabled people have better employment opportunities and do not come across discrimination when using a service. It should also help promote positive attitudes towards disabled people in everyday life. The Disability Sport Wales National friendship Development Programme is a joint initiative between the Sports Council for Wales, the Federation of Disability Sport Wales and the 22 local authorities across Wales. The plot is aimed at developing quality community based sporting and volunteer(a) opportunities for disabled people throughout Wales.The programme is promoted and delivered through a cyberspace of Disability Sport Wales Development Officers located across every local anesthetic Authority in Wales. Disability Sport Wales aims to create new clubs and give professional advice and support to improve existing clubs, increase the number of disabled people who actively participate in sports clubs, groups and sessions. Also to improve the quality and number of coaches and volunteers within disability sport through coach education and other systems and create new and further develop existing opportunities for disabled people to compete in sport at local, regional and national level. another(prenominal) of heir aims is to work closely with the Federations National Performance bus ensuring that individuals with potential are given the opportunity to train and, where appropriate, compete to the highest standards. Another of their missions is to ensure that Wales maintains the Nations current medal winning achievements and continues to support and contribute toward great(p) Britain Teams in Paralympics, Deaflympic and Intellectual Disability sport They aim to do this by delivering an athlete centred programme ensuring that elite athletes reach their full potential a t the very highest standards of performance within disability sport.Do you think that sportsmen with disabilities should be able to compete in the same sports as able bodied athletes? Yes I think that anyone should have the chance to participate at any level if they have the required skill set and talent, being disabled may give a performer little advantage or disadvantage, whatever new rules or different regulations would have to occur or be instated.

Food Culture Difference

? ? ? ? ? ? Differences Between Chinese and westward diet grow ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Abstract Food plays an irre lineable role in the development of c t come forward(a) ensembleer and the progress of pitying civilization. It is an essential prerequisite for human endureence. However, diverse nations w be various victuals and victuals habits. That is because they prevail different furthestming, especi on the wholey provender tillage. Only within the mise en scene of to all(prenominal) sensation individual finishing deal forage and diet habits be best understood.This thesis expounds the of import cultivate of provender stopping point amidst different countries cultural communication by analyzing Chinese and Western nutrient culture. By examining these differences, we can improve our readiness in cultural communication. Food culture is a special cultural phenomenon. By the process of batchs studies, multitude know nutriment culture from superstar sid e to the study of different culture pricklegrounds, tradition and historic environments.This thesis endeavors to analyze the cultural differences and their root causes in Chinese and Western pabulum cultures from the perspective of concept, etiquette and content, and points out that with the development of cross-cultural communication, to a outstandinger extent communication and interaction result arise between Chinese and westerly aliment cultures and they leave develop together. Key words value excogitation feature etiquette Chinese nutriment culture westerly nutrient culture ( 3-5? , , , , , ) ? ? , , , , , , , , , ( , 3-5? , , , , ) Contents Abstracti ? ? ii 1. Introduction1 2. diametric Values in Chinese and Western Food kitchen-gardening1 . 1 Collectivism in Chinese forage culture1 2. 1. 1 Collective orientation1 2. 1. 2 Collective orientation in Chinese fodder culture2 2. 2 Individualism in western diet culture2 2. 2. 1 individualistic orien tation2 2. 2. 2 Individualistic orientation in western sustenance culture3 3. creaseive Features in Chinese and Western Food Culture3 3. 1 Extravagance in Chinese3 3. 2 Simplicity in western food for thought culture3 4. un exchangeable Etiquette in Chinese and Western Food Culture4 4. 1 una wish while- moods in Chinese and western food culture4 4. 1. 1 M-time and P-time4 4. 1. 2 Lateness in Chinese food culture4 . 1. 3 Punctuality in western food culture5 4. 2 distinct order order of battle5 4. 2. 1 The south and north set system in Chinese food culture5 4. 2. 2 The right and go away seating arrangement in western food culture6 5. distinguishable Consents in Chinese and Western Food Culture6 5. 1 Different make merry in Chinese and western food culture6 5. 1. 1 Liquor and later onnoon afternoon tea in Chinese food culture6 5. 1. 2 The wine and beer in western countries7 5. 2 Different chief(prenominal) food in Chinese and western food culture7 5. 3 Different banqu et descent in Chinese and western food culture8 5. . 1 feast course in china8 5. 3. 2 Banquet course in western food culture8 5. 4 Different tablew atomic lean 18 in Chinese and western food culture9 5. 4. 1 Chopsticks in Chinese food culture9 5. 4. 2 Fork and knife in western food culture9 5. 5 Different culinary art fitting10 5. 5. 1 culinary art appointment in mainland chinaw atomic number 1810 5. 5. 2 culinary art naming in western food culture11 5. 6 Different rock-loving conceptions in Chinese and western food culture11 5. 6. 1 Healthy conception in Chinese food culture11 5. 6. 2 Healthy Conception in western food cultures12 6. Conclusion13 Bibliography14 Acknowledgements15 , 1. 5 ? ( ) , , , ? , ? 1. Introduction Culture is a historical phenomenon. It is the summation of civilization and a mental picture which can be created in the progress of a nations development. This thesis expounds the heroic function of food culture between different cultures by an alyzing Chinese food and Western food. By examining these differences, we can improve our ability in cultural communication.The contact between different countries cave ins often tighter through the internalisation of a global economy. At the selfsame(prenominal) time, the cultural communications develop much important in the big distance between these two cultures. The distinction between cultural communications move rough much and more(prenominal) evident and the study of Chinese and Western food culture is an important lift off of it. Food is a special phenomenon, mountain having knowledge of food from atomic number 53 side of the study of different cultural backgrounds, customs and historical environment by study. We all(prenominal) know that different nations induce different cultures.This thesis focuses on the different food cultures in Chinese and western countries. Chinese food culture in this thesis primarily refers to the wiz in the Han nationality. As w e know, china is a nation with 56 ethnic groups, each of which has its own unique food and food habits. The Han nationality and its culture ar the mainstream in China referable to historical, political and economic reasons. Western food culture in this thesis is mainly concerned with the British single due to the item that its cultural normal and forge have become dominant in the west, which is generally recognized by the world. 2.Different Values in Chinese and Western Food Culture 2. 1 Collectivism in Chinese food culture 2. 1. 1 Collective orientation In China, collective orientation with deep roots can be traced back to ancient time. Confucius points out, If one wants to establish himself, he should help others to establish themselves at starting line. in which collectivism is appreciated. Even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor maneuvers the fact that e genuinelything in China is branded with collectivism. In much(prenominal) collectivized culture, a we con sciousness prevails, and sight atomic number 18 expected to be interdependent and show conformity to the groups norms and values.Group goals commonly fetch precedent e rattlingplace individual goals, and the primary value is to seek union with others. Actually, group harmony is so super valued that obedience to, and compliance with, in groups pressures is routine. (Neuliep, 200033) 2. 1. 2 Collective orientation in Chinese food culture This collectivistic orientation to a fault plays an important role in Chinese food culture. Normally, Chinese mint would like to sign the style of communion when they have a dinner party together, whether at home with family members or outside with friends. As Vera Y. N. Hsu describes, The typical Chinese dining table is round or square.The tsai allotes are laid in the center, and each participant in the meal is equipped with a bowl of fan, a pair of chopsticks, a saucer, and a spoon. All at a table take from the tsai suff water icees as they proceed with the meal. Good eating manners require each participant take equally from the different tsai cup of teaes, so that all provide have an equal happening at all the old bages. (Chang, 1977304) When the dinner starts, the horde usually shows a menu to guests asking them to order the dish they like before making the final decision. When a dinner comes to an end, participants perpetually strive to pay the bill un trivial both(prenominal)one has claimed it in advance.The truth of sharing reverberates almost e reallywhere from the dinner start to the end. 2. 2 Individualism in western food culture 2. 2. 1 Individualistic orientation It is advantageously cognise that Great Britain tends toward individualism. Individualism refers to the doctrine, spelled out in detail by the seventeenth-century English philosopher John Locke, that each individual is unique, special, completely different from all other individuals, and the basic unit of nature. (Samovar 200062) T herefore, in individualistic culture, an I consciousness prevails, and emphasis is placed on an individual goal all all over group goals.This value orientation stresses individual initiative and achievement, and individual decision-making is highly appreciated. 2. 2. 2 Individualistic orientation in western food culture Western food culture is characterized by the affiliated style because of the great influence of the individualistic orientation. It is contrary to the sharing style in Chinese food culture in umpteen a(prenominal) looks. For example, westerners do non take the tsai dishes from the public plate, but have separate individual plates. The way of going Dutch is wide interpreted when the bill is to be paid, which heart everyone pays his own share.The role of individualism in Western food culture is obvious and its influence is self-evident. 3. Different Features in Chinese and Western Food Culture 3. 1 Extravagance in Chinese Chinese food culture is believably muc h quondam(a)er than any other genial of food cultures. Few cultures are as food oriented as Chinese culture. The most common example is the greeting used among Chinese throng when they encounter Have you eaten? food plays so important a role in lots daily life that it inevitably becomes an ostentatious way because of mettle (or mianzi in China).So the extravagance and exquisiteness become the main features of Chinese food. Face in China involves a claim for respectfulness and dignity from others. Losing ones face is one of the worst shipway to injure ones self-esteem. The banquet is withal influenced by the face system. They are no persistenter a social occasion honest for meeting or eating, but to few extent, a good chance for the host to show off his power and earn his face. The more big-ticket(prenominal) or precious the food is, the more dignity the host has, the more the quantity of dishes in a banquet, the warmer hospitality can be shown, and the more face he can earn.In this sense, conventional banquets in China have one thing in common there should be more than enough food on the table. Otherwise the host leave lose face. That put ups directly to the extravagant food culture. 3. 2 Simplicity in western food culture Compared with extravagant banquets in China, the scale of banquets in western countries is much minorer. That is because the belief in food in western countries is mainly focused on function as necessity for human organisms survival or a way of communication.For example, in a party, the host usually does non prepare food and drinks and serves some simple food only like cheese, sandwiches, fruits etc. For most Westerners, this is a good prospect for communication and reunion, or a great occasion where they can sustain relationships and take hold new friends. What they in truth care approximately is the casual, harmonious and festal atmosphere, the maximum freedom and relaxation they can enjoy at the banquet. 4. Differe nt Etiquette in Chinese and Western Food Culture 4. 1 Different time-conceptions in Chinese and western food culture 4. 1. M-time and P-time Edward T. Hall, who is well known for his discussion of time across cultures, proposes that cultures organize time in one of two ways either monochronic (M-time) or polychronic (P-time) (Hall, 198946). He also points out that M-time is the characteristic of people from western countries, while P-time is the characteristic of people from Asia, Africa and Latin America ( ,199993). The two conceptions are incompatible. We can see the sharp contrast between P-time and M-time from the lateness in Chinese food culture and the punctuality in western food culture. . 1. 2 Lateness in Chinese food culture People in the P-time cultures do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into fixed segments. They treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time. Therefore, in these cul tures, personal interaction and relationship developments are far more important than making appointments or meeting deadline. China is a country with P-time. Chinese people are usually a little by and by than what is scheduled when participating in some activities like banquets.Normally, they would be half an hour late. The host will arrange some entertainments, such(prenominal) as playing cards or chatting. Tea and various afterss like candy, cakes etc. are served for the guests who have arrived on time to pop out time. both the host and guest get used to that and would not interpret this sweet of lateness as an impolite behavior. However, this conception changes sometimes. With the development of cross-cultural communication, more and more Chinese people, especially the girlish, are gradually influenced by the M-time in western countries. 4. 1. 3 Punctuality in western food culture conflicting Chinese people, people in M-time cultures tend to follow precise scheduling. Once the time is set, it is rarely changed, and people should take it seriously. Usually, everyone is supposed to arrive on time when be a formal meeting or banquet. It is also acceptable that people can be a little late sometimes, but no more than 10 minutes, otherwise this behavior will be complimentsed as inappropriate by both the host and other guests, and one will have to give a proper explanation. The one who violates the rule of punctuality shall be punished seriously in M-time culture. 4. Different seating arrangement Samovar pointed out that Culture influences even the manner and import in seating arrangement. So seating arrangement is an important means of fully grown different explanations on social status or interpersonal relations. With regard to seating arrangement in a banquet, there exist some major distinctive disparities between Chinese and Western food culture. 4. 2. 1 The South and north seating arrangement in Chinese food culture In China, the seat approach so uth in a banquet is usually regarded as the most important, while the seat facing north is comparatively less important.It is because of traditional Chinese culture. China is an old country with a long history of more than five gramme years. There used to be many dynasties. Whatever the dynasty, the emperor ever sat with facing south during the ceremony of the royal inauguration or in the process of discussing governmental affairs with ministers. On the other hand, the ministers were all facing north when they met the emperor. Gradually, the word south has been elevated into a position relatively high in Chinese peoples minds, and it symbolizes the unequivocal authority, power and position.By contrast, the position of the word north is much lower. Therefore, in a formal banquet, the seats that face south undoubtedly will be reserved for those who are respectable or powerful. 4. 2. 2 The right and left seating arrangement in western food culture In Western countries, the seating a rrangement is quite different. In the past, the most distinguished guest was seated on the left side of the host. The reason is that in ancient times there were many character assassinations for political and social reasons, and assassins held daggers in their right hands to attack.It was convenient and easier for the host to protect the guest who was on his left hand when the assassin attacked. However, with the development of civilization, this old style of assassination has been extinct for a long time and the seating arrangement also changed. Nowadays, what Westerners are most concerned about is the perspective of psychological indispensableness instead of physical security when they arrange seats in a banquet. The result is that the seat at the right side of the host is more honorable than the one on the left side in the widely recognized rule. 5. Different Consents in Chinese and Western Food Culture . 1 Different drink in Chinese and western food culture 5. 1. 1 Liquor and t ea in Chinese food culture Liquor and tea are two kinds of main drinks in Han nationality. It is known to all that China is the hometown of tea, and one of the countries which invented the earliest brew engineering science in the world. Wine culture and tea culture have long history in China and they have become an essential part of Han national food culture in the past thousands of years. They greatly influence other countries all over the world. There are many kinds of tea and liquor in China.Different kinds of tea and liquor have different functions, so people drink different tea and liquor in different seasons to aliveness healthy. Normally, people drink common chord kinds of tea in cardinal seasons. In spring and autumn, people drink tea, which was do of various flowers to make them more beautiful and active. In summer, green tea is the best choice. It is a special kind of healthy drink and has many unique functions, such as refreshing oneself, removing strain, preventing heatstroke, cooling, caring for eyes etc. Most people choose black tea in winter because it is fermenting and not belonging to cold.It can not only foster your stomach, promote digestion and your appetence but also help to strengthen the cardiac muscles. Chinese people always drink beer in wild summer and liquor in winter. Liquor has thousands of years history in China and it creates a unique style in the world. It is fragrantly pure and has flavors. Drinking a small cup of liquor everyday could promote digestion, whet appetite and keeps one warm. 5. 1. 2 The wine and beer in western countries The grape wine and beer are common drink in western countries. People in some cold area even drink sherry everyday to keep themselves warm.In Britain, exclude meet your eyes everywhere on the streets and become second vivification rooms. The British are experts in drinking and beer is their favorite drink. Normally, there are three kinds of beer which are divided by flavor Bitter, Lager and Cider. In recent years, it has come into vogue to drink wine and the wine habit in Britain is the greatest in the world. Simultaneously, juice is also a very popular drink in western countries. Usually people drink juice at breakfast. Juice gets unique welcome in Britain, the y other(a) average consumption amounts to 19. 1 liters in Britain. 5. Different main food in Chinese and western food culture Rice and cooked wheaten food are two main staple foods in the Han nationality. The southerly and northern regions cultivate rice, and rice has become the main nourishment in these areas. The northeast and northwest regions cultivate wheat and give first place to cooked wheaten food. Also, other kinds of cereals like maize, Kaoliang, grain, tuber crop have become staple food, in different areas as well as abrupt cereals. The Han nationalitys staple foods have colorful and various planning method acting actings and has hundreds of kinds of rice and wheat products.Nowadays, the northeas t regions in China still give first place to cooked wheaten food. Meat, milk and cole are the staple food in western countries. A common meal usually consists of dope, bread and butter. There are also various roasted foods besides the dark-brown bread. Another staple food in Western countries is the potato. To westerners, potato is as important as rice to Chinese. You can frequently see that the British move packages of potatoes in shopping carts in the supermarket just like Chinese people buying rice. 5. 3 Different banquet course in Chinese and western food culture 5. 3. Banquet course in China Generally speaking, a formal banquet in China consists of six major courses served in turn, including a hand plate, cold dish, hot dish, staple food, soup and dessert. A hand plate is for the guests who come early. Traditionally, it usually consists of candied fruit, traditional cake, but now, tea and melon seeds. I have mentioned that lateness is the traditional time conception in Chin a. The hand plate is made ready for the guests and host when they chat or play cards to gestate for other guests. Cold dishes are lots served as the beginning of a banquet, which usually consists of a ariety of small dishes and snacks. Actually, a cold dish is not for food but for beauty. Then, come the hot dishes, which are the most toilsome and richest part of the whole. Staple food is also an indispensable component, which is rice or noodle in most instances. Soup is another important course. Unlike a western banquet, Chinese soup comes as a later course but not at first. Finally, comes dessert, which is peaceful of various very well made cakes, nuts, pastry, fruits etc. Only after the six courses are served will a formal Chinese banquet have come to an end.It is also interesting to note that different from Chinese banquets which tend to break up immediately after the last course is served, Westerners may linger for hours after the completed meal in elevated and animated d iscussions. 5. 3. 2 Banquet course in Western food culture A formal banquet in western countries usually comprises four major courses, including soup, a subsidiary dish, a main dish and dessert. Soup is the first course, probably because westerners want to refresh themselves with some soup before the meal, and taking soup will help to whet their appetites. The subsidiary dish is the second course.It is usually composed of various types of fish for fish is easy to digest. The main dish is a heavy weight in a Western banquet, and it is often composed of meat, especially beef sticks or fish together with vegetables. Salad, which is composed of lettuce, tomato, cucumber and asparagus etc. dessert come lastly. Western dessert includes all food after the main dish, such as cakes, biscuits, cheese, pies, pudding, fruits, ice cream etc. Sometimes, people drink coffee or tea with sugar and milk while they have dessert. 5. 4 Different tableware in Chinese and western food culture 5. 4. Chopst icks in Chinese food culture In China it is usually thought that people are an inherent part of nature. cosmosy scholars pointed out that the traditional attitude of Chinese people toward universe or nature is Oneness between Man and Nature. ( ) ( , 199759) Under the influence of this orientation, Chinese people attempt a equilibrise act with nature and try to live in harmony with it. China is also a traditionally agricultural country. Since Chinese people mainly live on rice and wheat as their staple food by cultivating the farmland, the harvest of the crops depends on nature.Therefore, in such cultural context and natural environment, people tend to live and work in peace. The lotion of chopsticks as the chief tableware can be traced back as early as the Shang and Chou periods, although hands were probably used more often than chopsticks (Chang, 197735). When Chinese people use chopsticks, they usually appear to be polished and their attitudes toward food are dispirited and k ind. Roland Barthes, a noted French literary critic, once talked about the usage of chopsticks, and he remarked that unlike fork and knife, chopsticks were not used to cut, poke or stab food.Therefore, food was no endless the prey suffering the human beings violence but turned out to be the substance passed harmoniously through them. ( , 200274) In this sense, chopsticks are the gentle medium between man and food, and they reflect the harmonious relationship between man and nature. 5. 4. 2 Fork and knife in western food culture Many Westerners think that people are dominant over nature. Quite different from China, the ancestors of many western countries lived by hunting due to some ecological and historical factors. Of course, meat was their basic food inauguration and gradually took the place of staple food.In order to survive in arch and harsh environments, they tried their best to be good at hunting, such as the use of some weapons like knives, forks and arrows etc to fight with or kill animals. That resulted in the aggressiveness and the adventurous sense in their temperaments. Compared with chopsticks, it is not exaggerating at all to say that knife and fork represent the violence and roughness to food without any concealment. The way of eating in western countries actually reflects humans conquest over nature. 5. 5 Different cuisine naming 5. 5. 1 Cuisine naming in China Cuisine naming in China differs from place to place.Generally speaking, there are three kinds of cuisine naming in China. The first cuisine naming method is, according to Professor Wang Fengxins research, the secernate of an ordinary Chinese dish usually contains four parts main ingredients, subsidiary ingredients, way of slick and way of readying. They constitute the primary motivation of Chinese cuisine naming. (Wang, 1999220) He also believes that the naming of Chinese home-style cuisine is based on the primary motivation. Take the Chinese cuisine , Stir-fried Shredded Pork with unripened spice for example, its main raw substantive is ? ,pork its subsidiary raw material is green pepper the result of cutting is ? , shred, and its way of cooking is ? , stir-fried. Certainly, not every Chinese cuisine naming should follow the pattern of main ingredientssubsidiary ingredients cutting method cooking method. For example, , hot up Scrambled Eggs with Tomato is the pattern of main ingredientssubsidiary ingredients cooking method. The second cuisine naming method is usually, Chinese people eat for not only consumption but also many other purposes. In such a situation, they would like to have more refined and graceful get ups than the plain names for the food served.The lowly naming method consists of the initiators name, the animals name and the plants name. As a matter of fact, Chinese cuisine naming after initiators name usually involves much Chinese culture or historical training and the cuisine naming after the animals name or plants name may give rise to cultural implications. For example, Chinese people will naturally associate , Dongpo Meat with Su Dongpo, the initiator of this dish, who was a famous poet in Song Dynasty. It is said that Su Dongpo created this dish when he was relegated to a local anesthetic government.He did many good things for the local people, so they decided to give the dish a name after him as a kind of commemoration. The cuisine , Lotus Soup, will remind Chinese people of lotus, which has been taken as a noble plant for its purity and freedom from dirt. Actually, it is a kind of soup which is made with eggs. In Chinese cuisine naming, stands for egg-white because of its establish and color. The third cuisine naming method is in order to collect more customers, some restaurants or hotels give some common dishes very fantastic names, which originate from some Chinese legends or allusions.For example, the cuisine name , Turtle and Chicken Meat originates from a famous historical allusion in anc ient times that a famous general was surrounded by his enemy and had to bid an emotional farewell to his beloved concubine. Although the name is in truth attractive, the content is nothing new at all. 5. 5. 2 Cuisine naming in western food culture The feature of cuisine naming in Western countries is straightforward, which is similar to the first cuisine naming method in China. Time is money in Western peoples eyes, and they think people should not waste too much time on trivial things like eating and dining.Therefore, from this point of view, the first and frontmost requirement for the cuisine naming should be straightforward and simple. For example, Black Pepper Steak, , Stewed Seafood Combination with Lobster Sauce, etc. You can easily perceive the meaning of the cuisine and know what it is. Sometimes, even the name of some restaurants, such as KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) will reveal the information about the cuisine they serve. Undoubtedly, singleness is much more suitabl e to the Westerners for their fast pace of cooking and living. 5. Different healthy conceptions in Chinese and western food culture 5. 6. 1 Healthy conception in Chinese food culture Chinese food and drink usually contains little sugar, which will not lead to getting flesh out. just now there are more and more fat people in China while our living standard has improved. China enjoys a good reputation for its plentiful and splendid cuisine. Chinese people have many complex cooking methods, such as braise, boiling, braising with soy sauce, roasting, baking, grilling, scalding, deep-frying, steaming, drying, salt-preserving etc. (? ,? , ,? ,? ,? ,? ,? ,? ,? , and the Chinese cuisine is always exquisite and tastes excellent. But much nutrition is destroyed because of such complex cooking methods. Simultaneously, Chinese people share dishes when they have a meal. Everyones chopsticks touch the same dish and that highly increases the probability of hepatitis. 5. 6. 2 Healthy Conception i n western food cultures Nutrition and balance are greatly cared for by westerners when they have a meal. An interesting phenomenon in western countries is the nutritional information on the food label, by which peoples concern about nutrition is clearly reflected.A look at information like the number of kilogram calories per serving, grams of fat, sodium, fiber and sugar content will make you more erudite in selecting foods to reduce your nutritional health risk. In addition, the balance in diet structure is also essential to Westerners. Nowadays, more and more westerners are starting to worry about their weight for their diet containing too many calories. This is evident in menus in many restaurants offering low calorie or weight watchers meal. The vegetable and fruit salad served to westerners all year around because they have low calories and high vitamin.In conclusion, it is by the influence of pragmatism that westerners are inclined to take the food into consideration basical ly from the nutritional perspective. In their eyes, food or eating is just a way to keep health and thus what the westerners care about most is the nutrition contained in food and the balance of the whole structure. When they have a meal, they use separate plates for each other, which usefully guard against the probability infection. 6. Conclusion By resemblance and analysis we have made so far, one conclusion may be drawn that Chinese and Western food culture reflect each others cultures with their own unique features.They are neither superior nor inferior to the other and should deserve the same respect from each other. Certainly, for the process of globalization, Chinese and Western food cultures do not exist in isolation. It is well known that globalization has been becoming an inevitable trim around the world and an inexorable force to influence peoples life in almost every aspect. In other words, the cycle of human history has moved as inexorably forward from isolation to integration. Due to the open policy, Chinese people and Chinese culture have more and more chances of contact with foreigners and foreign cultures.People of different cultures can name from each other. When Chinese culture is learning or adopting something new or different from foreign cultures, we should remember that Chinese culture is also being learnt and adopted by them at the same time. A good case in point is that, nowadays, more and more people , especially the young people, have been fond of the typical western fast food like KFC or Macdonalds, while on the other hand, more and more Chinese foods have been welcomed by foreigners, and it is said that where there are people, there are Chinese restaurants.In a word, Chinese and Western food culture will develop together by the cross-cultural communication. Bibliography 1 Chang, K. C. Food in Chinese Culture Anthropological and Historical Perspective M. USA The Vail-Ballou Press Inc. , 197735304 2 Chen, G. M. & Starosta, W. J. Foundations of Intercultural Communication M. USA Allyn & Bacon Press, 1998 3 3 Hall, E. T. Beyond Culture M. new-sprung(prenominal) York anchorman Books, 1989 46 4 Neuliep, J. W. Intercultural Communication A Context Approach M. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000 33 5 Samovar, L. A. & Porter R. E.Intercultural Communication A Reader M. USA Wadsworth Publishing Company, 2000 62 6 Samovar, L. A. , Porter R. E. & Stefani L. A. Communication Between Cultures M. Beijing Foreign Language inform & Research Press, 2000165 7 Wang Fengxin. The Cultural Implication of the Chinese Cuisine identification M. Beijing Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press, 1999 220222 8 . M. ,1999 93 9 . M. , 1995 59 10 . M. 2006 203 11 . M. , 2002 74 12 . M. ,2004 16 13 , . M. ,2006 8 14 . OL. http//www. wfcyw. com/cywh/yswh/ 200608/22. html, 2007-04-16/2007-05-4. 15 . OL. http//www. ilib. cn/A-bflc 2003 02028. html, 2007-03-16/2007-04-08. Acknowledgements The thesis has been c ompleted. I want to chat my gratitude to my tutor *******. I received Mr. Zhangs instruction in the piece of writing of the thesis many times. I appreciate the tutors voiceless guidance and help not only in the selection of my title, undeniable materials of the thesis, but also in the research writing.I can say that it is very difficult to have completed the thesis without his guidance. I wish to take this opportunity to acquit the hearty thanks to his advice. I want to express sincere gratitude to teachers and friends who cared about and supported my thesis. Here, I appreciate my classmates who helped out with my thesis. Finally, I wish to express my gratitude to Mr. Zhang again for his careful instruction of my thesis. generation radical Roman? , , multiplication bleak Roman 1. 5 4-5 times parvenue Roman , Times New Roman Key words , 1. 5 , Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman ( ) Times New Roman 1. 5 45 ( ) Times New Roman Times New Roman ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )? , , ( ) Times New Roman 1. 5 Times New Roman Times New Roman 1. 5 45 Times New Roman