Food Culture Difference

? ? ? ? ? ? Differences Between Chinese and westward diet grow ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Abstract Food plays an irre lineable role in the development of c t come forward(a) ensembleer and the progress of pitying civilization. It is an essential prerequisite for human endureence. However, diverse nations w be various victuals and victuals habits. That is because they prevail different furthestming, especi on the wholey provender tillage. Only within the mise en scene of to all(prenominal) sensation individual finishing deal forage and diet habits be best understood.This thesis expounds the of import cultivate of provender stopping point amidst different countries cultural communication by analyzing Chinese and Western nutrient culture. By examining these differences, we can improve our readiness in cultural communication. Food culture is a special cultural phenomenon. By the process of batchs studies, multitude know nutriment culture from superstar sid e to the study of different culture pricklegrounds, tradition and historic environments.This thesis endeavors to analyze the cultural differences and their root causes in Chinese and Western pabulum cultures from the perspective of concept, etiquette and content, and points out that with the development of cross-cultural communication, to a outstandinger extent communication and interaction result arise between Chinese and westerly aliment cultures and they leave develop together. Key words value excogitation feature etiquette Chinese nutriment culture westerly nutrient culture ( 3-5? , , , , , ) ? ? , , , , , , , , , ( , 3-5? , , , , ) Contents Abstracti ? ? ii 1. Introduction1 2. diametric Values in Chinese and Western Food kitchen-gardening1 . 1 Collectivism in Chinese forage culture1 2. 1. 1 Collective orientation1 2. 1. 2 Collective orientation in Chinese fodder culture2 2. 2 Individualism in western diet culture2 2. 2. 1 individualistic orien tation2 2. 2. 2 Individualistic orientation in western sustenance culture3 3. creaseive Features in Chinese and Western Food Culture3 3. 1 Extravagance in Chinese3 3. 2 Simplicity in western food for thought culture3 4. un exchangeable Etiquette in Chinese and Western Food Culture4 4. 1 una wish while- moods in Chinese and western food culture4 4. 1. 1 M-time and P-time4 4. 1. 2 Lateness in Chinese food culture4 . 1. 3 Punctuality in western food culture5 4. 2 distinct order order of battle5 4. 2. 1 The south and north set system in Chinese food culture5 4. 2. 2 The right and go away seating arrangement in western food culture6 5. distinguishable Consents in Chinese and Western Food Culture6 5. 1 Different make merry in Chinese and western food culture6 5. 1. 1 Liquor and later onnoon afternoon tea in Chinese food culture6 5. 1. 2 The wine and beer in western countries7 5. 2 Different chief(prenominal) food in Chinese and western food culture7 5. 3 Different banqu et descent in Chinese and western food culture8 5. . 1 feast course in china8 5. 3. 2 Banquet course in western food culture8 5. 4 Different tablew atomic lean 18 in Chinese and western food culture9 5. 4. 1 Chopsticks in Chinese food culture9 5. 4. 2 Fork and knife in western food culture9 5. 5 Different culinary art fitting10 5. 5. 1 culinary art appointment in mainland chinaw atomic number 1810 5. 5. 2 culinary art naming in western food culture11 5. 6 Different rock-loving conceptions in Chinese and western food culture11 5. 6. 1 Healthy conception in Chinese food culture11 5. 6. 2 Healthy Conception in western food cultures12 6. Conclusion13 Bibliography14 Acknowledgements15 , 1. 5 ? ( ) , , , ? , ? 1. Introduction Culture is a historical phenomenon. It is the summation of civilization and a mental picture which can be created in the progress of a nations development. This thesis expounds the heroic function of food culture between different cultures by an alyzing Chinese food and Western food. By examining these differences, we can improve our ability in cultural communication.The contact between different countries cave ins often tighter through the internalisation of a global economy. At the selfsame(prenominal) time, the cultural communications develop much important in the big distance between these two cultures. The distinction between cultural communications move rough much and more(prenominal) evident and the study of Chinese and Western food culture is an important lift off of it. Food is a special phenomenon, mountain having knowledge of food from atomic number 53 side of the study of different cultural backgrounds, customs and historical environment by study. We all(prenominal) know that different nations induce different cultures.This thesis focuses on the different food cultures in Chinese and western countries. Chinese food culture in this thesis primarily refers to the wiz in the Han nationality. As w e know, china is a nation with 56 ethnic groups, each of which has its own unique food and food habits. The Han nationality and its culture ar the mainstream in China referable to historical, political and economic reasons. Western food culture in this thesis is mainly concerned with the British single due to the item that its cultural normal and forge have become dominant in the west, which is generally recognized by the world. 2.Different Values in Chinese and Western Food Culture 2. 1 Collectivism in Chinese food culture 2. 1. 1 Collective orientation In China, collective orientation with deep roots can be traced back to ancient time. Confucius points out, If one wants to establish himself, he should help others to establish themselves at starting line. in which collectivism is appreciated. Even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor maneuvers the fact that e genuinelything in China is branded with collectivism. In much(prenominal) collectivized culture, a we con sciousness prevails, and sight atomic number 18 expected to be interdependent and show conformity to the groups norms and values.Group goals commonly fetch precedent e rattlingplace individual goals, and the primary value is to seek union with others. Actually, group harmony is so super valued that obedience to, and compliance with, in groups pressures is routine. (Neuliep, 200033) 2. 1. 2 Collective orientation in Chinese food culture This collectivistic orientation to a fault plays an important role in Chinese food culture. Normally, Chinese mint would like to sign the style of communion when they have a dinner party together, whether at home with family members or outside with friends. As Vera Y. N. Hsu describes, The typical Chinese dining table is round or square.The tsai allotes are laid in the center, and each participant in the meal is equipped with a bowl of fan, a pair of chopsticks, a saucer, and a spoon. All at a table take from the tsai suff water icees as they proceed with the meal. Good eating manners require each participant take equally from the different tsai cup of teaes, so that all provide have an equal happening at all the old bages. (Chang, 1977304) When the dinner starts, the horde usually shows a menu to guests asking them to order the dish they like before making the final decision. When a dinner comes to an end, participants perpetually strive to pay the bill un trivial both(prenominal)one has claimed it in advance.The truth of sharing reverberates almost e reallywhere from the dinner start to the end. 2. 2 Individualism in western food culture 2. 2. 1 Individualistic orientation It is advantageously cognise that Great Britain tends toward individualism. Individualism refers to the doctrine, spelled out in detail by the seventeenth-century English philosopher John Locke, that each individual is unique, special, completely different from all other individuals, and the basic unit of nature. (Samovar 200062) T herefore, in individualistic culture, an I consciousness prevails, and emphasis is placed on an individual goal all all over group goals.This value orientation stresses individual initiative and achievement, and individual decision-making is highly appreciated. 2. 2. 2 Individualistic orientation in western food culture Western food culture is characterized by the affiliated style because of the great influence of the individualistic orientation. It is contrary to the sharing style in Chinese food culture in umpteen a(prenominal) looks. For example, westerners do non take the tsai dishes from the public plate, but have separate individual plates. The way of going Dutch is wide interpreted when the bill is to be paid, which heart everyone pays his own share.The role of individualism in Western food culture is obvious and its influence is self-evident. 3. Different Features in Chinese and Western Food Culture 3. 1 Extravagance in Chinese Chinese food culture is believably muc h quondam(a)er than any other genial of food cultures. Few cultures are as food oriented as Chinese culture. The most common example is the greeting used among Chinese throng when they encounter Have you eaten? food plays so important a role in lots daily life that it inevitably becomes an ostentatious way because of mettle (or mianzi in China).So the extravagance and exquisiteness become the main features of Chinese food. Face in China involves a claim for respectfulness and dignity from others. Losing ones face is one of the worst shipway to injure ones self-esteem. The banquet is withal influenced by the face system. They are no persistenter a social occasion honest for meeting or eating, but to few extent, a good chance for the host to show off his power and earn his face. The more big-ticket(prenominal) or precious the food is, the more dignity the host has, the more the quantity of dishes in a banquet, the warmer hospitality can be shown, and the more face he can earn.In this sense, conventional banquets in China have one thing in common there should be more than enough food on the table. Otherwise the host leave lose face. That put ups directly to the extravagant food culture. 3. 2 Simplicity in western food culture Compared with extravagant banquets in China, the scale of banquets in western countries is much minorer. That is because the belief in food in western countries is mainly focused on function as necessity for human organisms survival or a way of communication.For example, in a party, the host usually does non prepare food and drinks and serves some simple food only like cheese, sandwiches, fruits etc. For most Westerners, this is a good prospect for communication and reunion, or a great occasion where they can sustain relationships and take hold new friends. What they in truth care approximately is the casual, harmonious and festal atmosphere, the maximum freedom and relaxation they can enjoy at the banquet. 4. Differe nt Etiquette in Chinese and Western Food Culture 4. 1 Different time-conceptions in Chinese and western food culture 4. 1. M-time and P-time Edward T. Hall, who is well known for his discussion of time across cultures, proposes that cultures organize time in one of two ways either monochronic (M-time) or polychronic (P-time) (Hall, 198946). He also points out that M-time is the characteristic of people from western countries, while P-time is the characteristic of people from Asia, Africa and Latin America ( ,199993). The two conceptions are incompatible. We can see the sharp contrast between P-time and M-time from the lateness in Chinese food culture and the punctuality in western food culture. . 1. 2 Lateness in Chinese food culture People in the P-time cultures do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into fixed segments. They treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time. Therefore, in these cul tures, personal interaction and relationship developments are far more important than making appointments or meeting deadline. China is a country with P-time. Chinese people are usually a little by and by than what is scheduled when participating in some activities like banquets.Normally, they would be half an hour late. The host will arrange some entertainments, such(prenominal) as playing cards or chatting. Tea and various afterss like candy, cakes etc. are served for the guests who have arrived on time to pop out time. both the host and guest get used to that and would not interpret this sweet of lateness as an impolite behavior. However, this conception changes sometimes. With the development of cross-cultural communication, more and more Chinese people, especially the girlish, are gradually influenced by the M-time in western countries. 4. 1. 3 Punctuality in western food culture conflicting Chinese people, people in M-time cultures tend to follow precise scheduling. Once the time is set, it is rarely changed, and people should take it seriously. Usually, everyone is supposed to arrive on time when be a formal meeting or banquet. It is also acceptable that people can be a little late sometimes, but no more than 10 minutes, otherwise this behavior will be complimentsed as inappropriate by both the host and other guests, and one will have to give a proper explanation. The one who violates the rule of punctuality shall be punished seriously in M-time culture. 4. Different seating arrangement Samovar pointed out that Culture influences even the manner and import in seating arrangement. So seating arrangement is an important means of fully grown different explanations on social status or interpersonal relations. With regard to seating arrangement in a banquet, there exist some major distinctive disparities between Chinese and Western food culture. 4. 2. 1 The South and north seating arrangement in Chinese food culture In China, the seat approach so uth in a banquet is usually regarded as the most important, while the seat facing north is comparatively less important.It is because of traditional Chinese culture. China is an old country with a long history of more than five gramme years. There used to be many dynasties. Whatever the dynasty, the emperor ever sat with facing south during the ceremony of the royal inauguration or in the process of discussing governmental affairs with ministers. On the other hand, the ministers were all facing north when they met the emperor. Gradually, the word south has been elevated into a position relatively high in Chinese peoples minds, and it symbolizes the unequivocal authority, power and position.By contrast, the position of the word north is much lower. Therefore, in a formal banquet, the seats that face south undoubtedly will be reserved for those who are respectable or powerful. 4. 2. 2 The right and left seating arrangement in western food culture In Western countries, the seating a rrangement is quite different. In the past, the most distinguished guest was seated on the left side of the host. The reason is that in ancient times there were many character assassinations for political and social reasons, and assassins held daggers in their right hands to attack.It was convenient and easier for the host to protect the guest who was on his left hand when the assassin attacked. However, with the development of civilization, this old style of assassination has been extinct for a long time and the seating arrangement also changed. Nowadays, what Westerners are most concerned about is the perspective of psychological indispensableness instead of physical security when they arrange seats in a banquet. The result is that the seat at the right side of the host is more honorable than the one on the left side in the widely recognized rule. 5. Different Consents in Chinese and Western Food Culture . 1 Different drink in Chinese and western food culture 5. 1. 1 Liquor and t ea in Chinese food culture Liquor and tea are two kinds of main drinks in Han nationality. It is known to all that China is the hometown of tea, and one of the countries which invented the earliest brew engineering science in the world. Wine culture and tea culture have long history in China and they have become an essential part of Han national food culture in the past thousands of years. They greatly influence other countries all over the world. There are many kinds of tea and liquor in China.Different kinds of tea and liquor have different functions, so people drink different tea and liquor in different seasons to aliveness healthy. Normally, people drink common chord kinds of tea in cardinal seasons. In spring and autumn, people drink tea, which was do of various flowers to make them more beautiful and active. In summer, green tea is the best choice. It is a special kind of healthy drink and has many unique functions, such as refreshing oneself, removing strain, preventing heatstroke, cooling, caring for eyes etc. Most people choose black tea in winter because it is fermenting and not belonging to cold.It can not only foster your stomach, promote digestion and your appetence but also help to strengthen the cardiac muscles. Chinese people always drink beer in wild summer and liquor in winter. Liquor has thousands of years history in China and it creates a unique style in the world. It is fragrantly pure and has flavors. Drinking a small cup of liquor everyday could promote digestion, whet appetite and keeps one warm. 5. 1. 2 The wine and beer in western countries The grape wine and beer are common drink in western countries. People in some cold area even drink sherry everyday to keep themselves warm.In Britain, exclude meet your eyes everywhere on the streets and become second vivification rooms. The British are experts in drinking and beer is their favorite drink. Normally, there are three kinds of beer which are divided by flavor Bitter, Lager and Cider. In recent years, it has come into vogue to drink wine and the wine habit in Britain is the greatest in the world. Simultaneously, juice is also a very popular drink in western countries. Usually people drink juice at breakfast. Juice gets unique welcome in Britain, the y other(a) average consumption amounts to 19. 1 liters in Britain. 5. Different main food in Chinese and western food culture Rice and cooked wheaten food are two main staple foods in the Han nationality. The southerly and northern regions cultivate rice, and rice has become the main nourishment in these areas. The northeast and northwest regions cultivate wheat and give first place to cooked wheaten food. Also, other kinds of cereals like maize, Kaoliang, grain, tuber crop have become staple food, in different areas as well as abrupt cereals. The Han nationalitys staple foods have colorful and various planning method acting actings and has hundreds of kinds of rice and wheat products.Nowadays, the northeas t regions in China still give first place to cooked wheaten food. Meat, milk and cole are the staple food in western countries. A common meal usually consists of dope, bread and butter. There are also various roasted foods besides the dark-brown bread. Another staple food in Western countries is the potato. To westerners, potato is as important as rice to Chinese. You can frequently see that the British move packages of potatoes in shopping carts in the supermarket just like Chinese people buying rice. 5. 3 Different banquet course in Chinese and western food culture 5. 3. Banquet course in China Generally speaking, a formal banquet in China consists of six major courses served in turn, including a hand plate, cold dish, hot dish, staple food, soup and dessert. A hand plate is for the guests who come early. Traditionally, it usually consists of candied fruit, traditional cake, but now, tea and melon seeds. I have mentioned that lateness is the traditional time conception in Chin a. The hand plate is made ready for the guests and host when they chat or play cards to gestate for other guests. Cold dishes are lots served as the beginning of a banquet, which usually consists of a ariety of small dishes and snacks. Actually, a cold dish is not for food but for beauty. Then, come the hot dishes, which are the most toilsome and richest part of the whole. Staple food is also an indispensable component, which is rice or noodle in most instances. Soup is another important course. Unlike a western banquet, Chinese soup comes as a later course but not at first. Finally, comes dessert, which is peaceful of various very well made cakes, nuts, pastry, fruits etc. Only after the six courses are served will a formal Chinese banquet have come to an end.It is also interesting to note that different from Chinese banquets which tend to break up immediately after the last course is served, Westerners may linger for hours after the completed meal in elevated and animated d iscussions. 5. 3. 2 Banquet course in Western food culture A formal banquet in western countries usually comprises four major courses, including soup, a subsidiary dish, a main dish and dessert. Soup is the first course, probably because westerners want to refresh themselves with some soup before the meal, and taking soup will help to whet their appetites. The subsidiary dish is the second course.It is usually composed of various types of fish for fish is easy to digest. The main dish is a heavy weight in a Western banquet, and it is often composed of meat, especially beef sticks or fish together with vegetables. Salad, which is composed of lettuce, tomato, cucumber and asparagus etc. dessert come lastly. Western dessert includes all food after the main dish, such as cakes, biscuits, cheese, pies, pudding, fruits, ice cream etc. Sometimes, people drink coffee or tea with sugar and milk while they have dessert. 5. 4 Different tableware in Chinese and western food culture 5. 4. Chopst icks in Chinese food culture In China it is usually thought that people are an inherent part of nature. cosmosy scholars pointed out that the traditional attitude of Chinese people toward universe or nature is Oneness between Man and Nature. ( ) ( , 199759) Under the influence of this orientation, Chinese people attempt a equilibrise act with nature and try to live in harmony with it. China is also a traditionally agricultural country. Since Chinese people mainly live on rice and wheat as their staple food by cultivating the farmland, the harvest of the crops depends on nature.Therefore, in such cultural context and natural environment, people tend to live and work in peace. The lotion of chopsticks as the chief tableware can be traced back as early as the Shang and Chou periods, although hands were probably used more often than chopsticks (Chang, 197735). When Chinese people use chopsticks, they usually appear to be polished and their attitudes toward food are dispirited and k ind. Roland Barthes, a noted French literary critic, once talked about the usage of chopsticks, and he remarked that unlike fork and knife, chopsticks were not used to cut, poke or stab food.Therefore, food was no endless the prey suffering the human beings violence but turned out to be the substance passed harmoniously through them. ( , 200274) In this sense, chopsticks are the gentle medium between man and food, and they reflect the harmonious relationship between man and nature. 5. 4. 2 Fork and knife in western food culture Many Westerners think that people are dominant over nature. Quite different from China, the ancestors of many western countries lived by hunting due to some ecological and historical factors. Of course, meat was their basic food inauguration and gradually took the place of staple food.In order to survive in arch and harsh environments, they tried their best to be good at hunting, such as the use of some weapons like knives, forks and arrows etc to fight with or kill animals. That resulted in the aggressiveness and the adventurous sense in their temperaments. Compared with chopsticks, it is not exaggerating at all to say that knife and fork represent the violence and roughness to food without any concealment. The way of eating in western countries actually reflects humans conquest over nature. 5. 5 Different cuisine naming 5. 5. 1 Cuisine naming in China Cuisine naming in China differs from place to place.Generally speaking, there are three kinds of cuisine naming in China. The first cuisine naming method is, according to Professor Wang Fengxins research, the secernate of an ordinary Chinese dish usually contains four parts main ingredients, subsidiary ingredients, way of slick and way of readying. They constitute the primary motivation of Chinese cuisine naming. (Wang, 1999220) He also believes that the naming of Chinese home-style cuisine is based on the primary motivation. Take the Chinese cuisine , Stir-fried Shredded Pork with unripened spice for example, its main raw substantive is ? ,pork its subsidiary raw material is green pepper the result of cutting is ? , shred, and its way of cooking is ? , stir-fried. Certainly, not every Chinese cuisine naming should follow the pattern of main ingredientssubsidiary ingredients cutting method cooking method. For example, , hot up Scrambled Eggs with Tomato is the pattern of main ingredientssubsidiary ingredients cooking method. The second cuisine naming method is usually, Chinese people eat for not only consumption but also many other purposes. In such a situation, they would like to have more refined and graceful get ups than the plain names for the food served.The lowly naming method consists of the initiators name, the animals name and the plants name. As a matter of fact, Chinese cuisine naming after initiators name usually involves much Chinese culture or historical training and the cuisine naming after the animals name or plants name may give rise to cultural implications. For example, Chinese people will naturally associate , Dongpo Meat with Su Dongpo, the initiator of this dish, who was a famous poet in Song Dynasty. It is said that Su Dongpo created this dish when he was relegated to a local anesthetic government.He did many good things for the local people, so they decided to give the dish a name after him as a kind of commemoration. The cuisine , Lotus Soup, will remind Chinese people of lotus, which has been taken as a noble plant for its purity and freedom from dirt. Actually, it is a kind of soup which is made with eggs. In Chinese cuisine naming, stands for egg-white because of its establish and color. The third cuisine naming method is in order to collect more customers, some restaurants or hotels give some common dishes very fantastic names, which originate from some Chinese legends or allusions.For example, the cuisine name , Turtle and Chicken Meat originates from a famous historical allusion in anc ient times that a famous general was surrounded by his enemy and had to bid an emotional farewell to his beloved concubine. Although the name is in truth attractive, the content is nothing new at all. 5. 5. 2 Cuisine naming in western food culture The feature of cuisine naming in Western countries is straightforward, which is similar to the first cuisine naming method in China. Time is money in Western peoples eyes, and they think people should not waste too much time on trivial things like eating and dining.Therefore, from this point of view, the first and frontmost requirement for the cuisine naming should be straightforward and simple. For example, Black Pepper Steak, , Stewed Seafood Combination with Lobster Sauce, etc. You can easily perceive the meaning of the cuisine and know what it is. Sometimes, even the name of some restaurants, such as KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) will reveal the information about the cuisine they serve. Undoubtedly, singleness is much more suitabl e to the Westerners for their fast pace of cooking and living. 5. Different healthy conceptions in Chinese and western food culture 5. 6. 1 Healthy conception in Chinese food culture Chinese food and drink usually contains little sugar, which will not lead to getting flesh out. just now there are more and more fat people in China while our living standard has improved. China enjoys a good reputation for its plentiful and splendid cuisine. Chinese people have many complex cooking methods, such as braise, boiling, braising with soy sauce, roasting, baking, grilling, scalding, deep-frying, steaming, drying, salt-preserving etc. (? ,? , ,? ,? ,? ,? ,? ,? ,? , and the Chinese cuisine is always exquisite and tastes excellent. But much nutrition is destroyed because of such complex cooking methods. Simultaneously, Chinese people share dishes when they have a meal. Everyones chopsticks touch the same dish and that highly increases the probability of hepatitis. 5. 6. 2 Healthy Conception i n western food cultures Nutrition and balance are greatly cared for by westerners when they have a meal. An interesting phenomenon in western countries is the nutritional information on the food label, by which peoples concern about nutrition is clearly reflected.A look at information like the number of kilogram calories per serving, grams of fat, sodium, fiber and sugar content will make you more erudite in selecting foods to reduce your nutritional health risk. In addition, the balance in diet structure is also essential to Westerners. Nowadays, more and more westerners are starting to worry about their weight for their diet containing too many calories. This is evident in menus in many restaurants offering low calorie or weight watchers meal. The vegetable and fruit salad served to westerners all year around because they have low calories and high vitamin.In conclusion, it is by the influence of pragmatism that westerners are inclined to take the food into consideration basical ly from the nutritional perspective. In their eyes, food or eating is just a way to keep health and thus what the westerners care about most is the nutrition contained in food and the balance of the whole structure. When they have a meal, they use separate plates for each other, which usefully guard against the probability infection. 6. Conclusion By resemblance and analysis we have made so far, one conclusion may be drawn that Chinese and Western food culture reflect each others cultures with their own unique features.They are neither superior nor inferior to the other and should deserve the same respect from each other. Certainly, for the process of globalization, Chinese and Western food cultures do not exist in isolation. It is well known that globalization has been becoming an inevitable trim around the world and an inexorable force to influence peoples life in almost every aspect. In other words, the cycle of human history has moved as inexorably forward from isolation to integration. Due to the open policy, Chinese people and Chinese culture have more and more chances of contact with foreigners and foreign cultures.People of different cultures can name from each other. When Chinese culture is learning or adopting something new or different from foreign cultures, we should remember that Chinese culture is also being learnt and adopted by them at the same time. A good case in point is that, nowadays, more and more people , especially the young people, have been fond of the typical western fast food like KFC or Macdonalds, while on the other hand, more and more Chinese foods have been welcomed by foreigners, and it is said that where there are people, there are Chinese restaurants.In a word, Chinese and Western food culture will develop together by the cross-cultural communication. Bibliography 1 Chang, K. C. Food in Chinese Culture Anthropological and Historical Perspective M. USA The Vail-Ballou Press Inc. , 197735304 2 Chen, G. M. & Starosta, W. J. Foundations of Intercultural Communication M. USA Allyn & Bacon Press, 1998 3 3 Hall, E. T. Beyond Culture M. new-sprung(prenominal) York anchorman Books, 1989 46 4 Neuliep, J. W. Intercultural Communication A Context Approach M. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000 33 5 Samovar, L. A. & Porter R. E.Intercultural Communication A Reader M. USA Wadsworth Publishing Company, 2000 62 6 Samovar, L. A. , Porter R. E. & Stefani L. A. Communication Between Cultures M. Beijing Foreign Language inform & Research Press, 2000165 7 Wang Fengxin. The Cultural Implication of the Chinese Cuisine identification M. Beijing Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press, 1999 220222 8 . M. ,1999 93 9 . M. , 1995 59 10 . M. 2006 203 11 . M. , 2002 74 12 . M. ,2004 16 13 , . M. ,2006 8 14 . OL. http//www. wfcyw. com/cywh/yswh/ 200608/22. html, 2007-04-16/2007-05-4. 15 . OL. http//www. ilib. cn/A-bflc 2003 02028. html, 2007-03-16/2007-04-08. Acknowledgements The thesis has been c ompleted. I want to chat my gratitude to my tutor *******. I received Mr. Zhangs instruction in the piece of writing of the thesis many times. I appreciate the tutors voiceless guidance and help not only in the selection of my title, undeniable materials of the thesis, but also in the research writing.I can say that it is very difficult to have completed the thesis without his guidance. I wish to take this opportunity to acquit the hearty thanks to his advice. I want to express sincere gratitude to teachers and friends who cared about and supported my thesis. Here, I appreciate my classmates who helped out with my thesis. Finally, I wish to express my gratitude to Mr. Zhang again for his careful instruction of my thesis. generation radical Roman? , , multiplication bleak Roman 1. 5 4-5 times parvenue Roman , Times New Roman Key words , 1. 5 , Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman ( ) Times New Roman 1. 5 45 ( ) Times New Roman Times New Roman ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )? , , ( ) Times New Roman 1. 5 Times New Roman Times New Roman 1. 5 45 Times New Roman